and 

ds 



■■.<■■.•' 






Bfi^^TirairBIIPRifj^-'M^^'fiSJ^Ri^Va 









PREFACE 

THE accompanying Rules, Regulations and In- 
structions for the Grading of Hardwood Lum- 
ber and Measurement of Timber were adopted 
June 3, 1902, at Louisville, Kentucky, by The Hard- 
wood Manufacturers' Association of the United States. 
These rules are revised and amended to date. 
October 1st, 1915. 

This Association will permit no infringement or 
violations of its rights under the copyright law. 
They are published only by this Association and 
advertising thereon will not be permitted. 

These rules are subject to the supervisory in- 
struction of the Chairman of our Executive Grading 
Commission. 

At the meeting of the Executive Grading Commis- 
sion and the annual meeting February 3, 4 and 5, 
1913, a number of necessary changes were made, and 
which are embodied in this issue and became effective 
May 1, 1913. Also at the meeting of the Executive 
Grading Commission and the annual meeting January 
21 and 22, 1914, changes were made in our rules for 
Boxboards and No. 2 and No. 3 Common Elm, Maple 
and Sycamore, notice of which was issued in supple- 
ment form July 15 and August 1, 1914, and which 
changes are now embodied in this issue. 

The Hardwood 

Manufacturers' Association 

of £>)e United States 

W. H. WELLEF, J. H. HIMMELBERGER, 

Secretary. President. 

Approved by the Enecr.' ive Grading Commission. 

. DELANEY, Chairman. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, October 1, 1915. 



Association Standard Grades 
OF 

POPLAR, OAK, 
COTTONWOOD, GUM 

AND 

OTHER HARDWOODS 

Classification, Official 
Grading and Inspection 
Rules of :::::: 

THE HARDWOOD 

MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION 

OF THE UNITED STATES. 



<5^ 



INDEX. 

PAGE 

ASH 56 

BASSWOOD 62 

BEECH 82 

WHITE 84 

BIRCH, WHITE , 85 

" RED 86 

BLACK GUM 55 

BUCKEYE 64 

BUTTERNUT 76 

CHERRY 68 

CHESTNUT 59 

COTTONWOOD 42 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS 34 

CYPRESS 118 

ELM 87 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 9 

GUM 48 

HACKBERRY 58 

HARDWOOD DIMENSION MATERIAL. 107 

HICKORY AND PECAN 70 

LOGS Ill 

MAHOGANY, CUBAN 108 

P.1AHOGANY, MEXICAN AND AFRICAN 109 

MAPLE 78 

WHITE 81 

OAK, PLAIN SAWED 26 

QUARTER SAWED 30 

POPLAR 13 

SALES CODE 3 

SYCAMORE, PLAIN 72 

" QUARTERED 74 

THICKNESSES, STANDARD 8 

TUPELO 118 

VEHICLE AND WAGON STOCK 89 

WALNUT 66 

WEIGHTS, OFFICIAL STANDARD 6-7 

OCT 12 l9I^CU41t9.*34 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



SALES CODE AND 
INSPECTION RULES 



Title. 

These Terms, Rules and Regulations were 
adopted by the Hardwood Manufacturers' Asso- 
ciation of the United States, February 3, 1910, 
at their Eighth Annual Meeting, held at Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, and are known as the Sales Code and 
Inspection Rules of the Hardwood Manufactur- 
ers' Association of the United States. 



Purposes. 

When quotations, orders and contracts cover- 
ing the sale of forest products in which the 
members of this Association deal, contain the 
clause "subject to the Sales Code and Inspection 
Rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Associa- 
tion of the United States, adopted February 3, 
1910," they shall be governed and controlled 
(with such exceptions as are specifically made 
in writing) by the following: — 



SALES CODE 

General Contingency Clause. 

1. Quotations are based upon and orders and 
contracts accepted under a "General Contin- 
gency Clause," which recognizes that the Seller 
shall not be held liable for delays or non-deliv- 
eries of material, when occasioned by strikes, 
floods, fires, epidemics, car supply, delays of car- 
riers or any other causes, whatsoever, beyond 
the control of the Seller. In any of these events, 
the Seller may suspend further performance 
under the same until such causes and their 
effects shall have been removed. 

Prior Sale— Change Without Notice — Credit 
Rating. 

2. All quotations are made subject to prior 
sale, change without notice, and Purchasers* 
credit rating proving satisfactory. 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 



SALES CODE. 

Written Order. 

3. All orders and contracts shall be In writing. 

Order Acceptance. 

4. All orders and contracts are subject to ap- 
proval and acceptance at the Main or Home Of- 
fice of Seller, and are not binding unless con- 
firmed in writing. Such acknowledgment shall 
contain all data appertaining to order, and ship- 
ment to be made in accordance therewith. 
Omissions and errors shall be corrected by the 
Purchaser in return mail. All forms used shall 
show the address of Main or Home Office of 
Seller. 

Delivered Price — Freight Rates — Switching 
Charges — Damage. 

5. The delivered price (f. o. b. destination) 
Includes only the usual freight charges to point 
of delivery mentioned, and are based upon the 
freight rates in effect at time of quotation, with 
no allowance for switching or other terminal 
charges at destination. The Seller does not 
guarantee the continuance of those rates. In 
the event that freight rates change after accept- 
ance of order and before date of shipment, either 
party may cancel the contract, if the other party 
refuses to make the price accord with the 
changed rates. The Seller does not guarantee 
safe delivery, nor insure against breakage, loss 
or damage to material while in transit. 

Time of Shipments. 

6. (a) When order, or contract, specifies def- 
inite time for shipment, failure to ship within 
said time, gives the Purchaser the privilege of 
cancelling the order or contract by wire, (b) 
When no definite time for shipment is specified, 
the Purchaser shall not be entitled to cancel 
such order or contract inside of thirty days from 
the date of order or contract without the con- 
sent of the Seller. Whenever shipments are not 
made within thirty days, the Seller shall forth- 
with notify the Purchaser, giving reasons for 
failure to ship. Purchaser shall then have the 
privilege of forthwith cancelling by wire. Should 
Purchaser fail to so cancel, the Seller shall have 
an additional thirty days in which to ship; pro- 
vided, however, that in case of Special or 
Worked material on hand at time of cancella- 
tion, all material must be accepted by Purchaser. 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 



SALES CODE. 

All material -en route or loaded preparatory to 
shipping on such orders, at date of receipt of 
cancellation, at Home or Main Office of Seller 
(with three days' grace if Home or Main Office 
of Seller is not at point of shipment), shall be 
likewise accepted. Otherwise order or contract 
shall remain in effect until cancelled by mutual 
consent. 

Terms of Payment. 

7. Seller must promptly send to Purchaser an 
invoice for each carload, or other shipment. 
Each Invoice is due and payable as follows: 
Freight is due upon arrival of shipment, and 
must be paid by Purchaser; original "Expense 
Bill" (or certified copy thereof) must be sent 
to Seller; balance of invoice (remainder after 
deducting freight) is due sixty days from date 
of shipment and bears interest after maturity; 
provided, however, that Purchaser may pay the 
same ten days after date of invoice with a dis- 
count of 2%; or thirty days after date of invoice, 
with a discount of 1%. 

All payments must be made in funds at par 
New York or Chicago. Omissions and errors in 
invoice are subject to correction. 

Credit. 

8. If, during the life of any order, or contract, 
the financial responsibility of the Purchaser be- 
comes impaired or unsatisfactory to the Seller, 
cash payments, with above discounts, or satis- 
factory security, may be demanded, in default 
of which, the order or contract may be cancelled 
by the Seller. 

Relnspection. 

9. In event of complaint by Purchaser on the 
quality of material shipped, Purchaser shall pay 
freight, unload and hold rejected lumber intact, 
properly protected, and shall file complaint with 
Seller within five days after receipt of shipment. 
If on quantity, the entire shipment must be held 
intact. Payment of freight or invoice shall not 
be considered as an acceptance of the shipment, 
nor shall such payment work a forfeiture of the 
right to enter complaints and make corrections. 

Upon receipt of complaint by Seller, shipper 
shall at once request the Secretary of the Hard' 
wood Manufacturers' Association to have rein» 
spected the shipment in accordance with the 
rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Associa- 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



SALES CODE. 

tion of the United States in effect. at the time of 
execution of contract, and the purchaser shall 
lend reasonable assistance in the reinspection 
thereof. 

Certificates will be issued by the said Asso- 
ciation showing the original shipper, the Pur- 
chaser and the results of such reinspection, the 
original being mailed to the shipper and the 
duplicate to the Purchaser. 

Settlement on Reinspection. 

10. Both Seller and Purchaser shall be bound 
by such reinspection. 

The Purchaser shall accept all material of the 
grade purchased, and all of the next lower grade 
not in excess of 5% of the total quantity invoiced, 
and shall pay for said grade at current propor- 
tionate prices as shown by the latest publication 
of market conditions issued by the Hardwood 
Manufacturers' Association. All de-grades in 
excess of 5% shall be the property of the Seller. 



OFFICIAL STANDARD WEIGHTS OF 
HARDWOOD LOGS. 

Basis Actual 

Ash 10.00 9.84 

Cottonwood 11.50 11.45 

Cypress 9.00 8.99 

Elm 10.00 10.18 

Hickory 13.00 13.25 

Gum 11.00 10.82 

Poplar 7.50 7.35 

Oak 11.00 10.95 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



OFFICIAL STANDARD WEIGHTS 



OF HARDWOOD LUMBER. 



Kinds of 
Wood 
Ash, . . 
Basswood, 
Beech, , 
Birch, . . 
Buckeye, 
Butternut, 
Cherry, . 
Chestnut, 



Thickness 



1" and thicker rough 



Lbs. per 
Condition 1000 ft. dry 



1" and thicker, 
1" and thicker, 
1" and thicker, 
1" and thicker, 
I" and thicker, 
1" and thicker, 
1" and thicker, 

Cottonwood, 1" and thicker, 

Cottonwood, >£" Bevel Siding 

Cottonwood, 

Cottonwood, 

Cottonwood, W' 

Elm (soft), 

Elm (rock), 

Gum, . . . 



1" and thicker, 

1" and thicker, 

1" and thicker, 
Gum, . . .1" and thicker, 
Gum, . . . >*>" Bevel Siding, 
Gum, . . . 13-16" Drop Siding, 
Gum, . . . 13-16" Flooring, , 

Gum, . . . %" Ceiling S2S 

Gum, . . .^"Ceiling , S2S 

Gum, . . . %" Ceiling S2S 

Gum, . . . W Ceiling, S2S 

Gum, ... 1" S2S 13-16" red 2 500 

Gum, ... 1" S2S 13-16" sap 2,350 



rough 
rough 
rough 
rough 
rough 
rough 
rough 
rough 

S2S . 
S2S . 
S2S . 
rough 
rough 
rough, red 
rough, sap 
SIS 
S2S 
S2S 



3,500 
2,600 
4,000 
4,000 
2,600 
2,800 
4,000 
2,800 
2,800 

850 
1,000 
1,200 
1,500 
3,200 
3,800 
3,300 
3,100 

900 
2,200 
2,200 

850 
1,300 
2,000 
1,600 



Hickory, .1" rough 

Hickory, . Axles and Reaches, . . rough, dry 

Hickory green . 

Hickory, . Rim Strips rough . 

Maple (soft). 1" and thicker, .... rough . 

Maple (hard)l" and thicker rough . 

Oak, . . .1" and thicker, rough . 

Oak, . . . %" thick, rough . 

Oak, . . . ^" thick, rough . 

Oak, . . . %" thick, rough . 

Oak, . . . %" thick, rough . 

Oak Chair and Furniture Stock, 1" and thicker, 

Oak Squares, 1" x 1" and larger, 

Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes. . . . dry, 
Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes, . . . green . 
Oak Flow Handle Strips, dry 



Poplar, . . 1" and thicker, rough 

Poplar, . . %" rough 

Poplar, . . %" rough 

Poplar, . . y 2 " Bevel Siding S2S . 

Poplar, . . Drop Siding, S2S . 

Poplar, . . %" Ceiling S2S . 

Poplar, . . VJ' Ceiling and Partition, S2S . 
Poplar, . . W' Ceiling and Partition, S2S . 
Poplar, . . W Ceiling and Partition, S2S . 
Poplar. . . 13-16" Ceiling and Partition, S2S . 

Poplar, . . 1" S2S, to 13-16 

Sycamore, . 1" and thicker rough 

Walnut, . . 1" and thicker, rough 

These weights have been established from actual tests. 
It has been the accumulation of information received 
from different sections of the country, showing the aver- 
age weights of the different varieties of wood and the 
different character of manufacture. Attests have been 
submitted showing the tests to be absolutely accurate, 



5.000 
4,500 
6,000 
5,000 
3,000 
4,000 
3,900 
2,000 
2,200 
2,700 
3,200 
4,200 
4,200 
4,500 
6,000 
4,250 
2,800 
1,600 
2,100 

850 
2,000 

800 
1,200 
1,500 
1.750 
2,000 
2,200 
3,200 
4,000 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



THE STANDARD THICKNESSES 
FOR DRESSED LUMBER. 



Rough Stock. Dressed Stock 

%" surfaced two sides to 7/32" 



W 

%" 
%>' 

1" 
1W 
1%" 

1%" 

2" 

2V*" 

2%" 
3" 
3%" 
3%" 
3%" 
4" 



5/16" 

7/16" 

9/16" 

13/16" 

1 3/32" 

1 11/32" 

1%" 

1%" 

2" 

2%" 

2%" 

2%" 

3" 

3y 4 " 

3%" 

3y 4 " 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 9 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE 

MANUFACTURE, INSPECTION 

AND MEASUREMENT OF 

HARDWOOD LUMBER 

Manufacture: 

1. Lumber shall be manufactured of prac- 
tically uniform thickness and square edges, with 
all ragged ends trimmed off. 

Inspection: 

2. The location, size, and kind of defects have 
much to do with the value of a board, and the 
inspector must depend to some extent on his 
own judgment, guided by the following rules: 

3. In inspecting all lumber, both sides of the 
piece shall be taken into consideration in mak- 
ing the grade. In inspecting common grades, 
any board that will produce the required amount 
of cuttings of the regular thickness shall be 
passed, even if the balance of the board is not 
of the standard thickness, subject to restrictions 
of rule for mis-sawed stock. 

4. The face side of lumber is the side showing 
the best quality or appearance. 

5. l'ieces of lumber that would take two or 
three standard defects may have large defects 
equal in damage to two or three standard 
defects. 

6. In grades below Firsts and Seconds and 
in woods where no Select grade is provided, 
boards 6 inches and over wide with one clear 
face shall be raised a grade above the reverse 
side. 

7. Lumber shipped rough must be accepted on 
grades as shown in the rough, and not subject 
to any changes which may be caused by future 
mill working, except as to stained sap, as here- 
inafter stated. 

8. Sap that will show bright after dressing to 
standard thickness shall be considered bright; all 
sap to be estimated in the average. 

9. Any stain that will show bright after dress- 
ing to standard thickness shall not be considered 
a defect. 

10. Splits that do not diverge more than one 
inch for each foot in length are to be considered 
straight splits. 

11. Ordinary season checks are not to be con- 
sldert^d defects 

12. A straight split not exceeding 6 inches In 
length in one end of a piece of lumber 8 Inches 
and over wide shall not be considered a defect. 



10 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

i 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

"-3. The rules for the inspection of lumber are 
intended to define the poorest piece that will go 
into a given grade; all the better boards up to 
the next higher grade being also included in the 
grade described. In line boards twelve feet and 
longer shall be given advantage in grade, and 
eleven feet and shorter reduced. 

14. CLEAR FACE CUTTINGS must show one 
face clear of all defects excepting bright sap, 
except as hereinafter stated. 

The reverse side of Clear Face Cuttings may 
contain small defects, or one large defect not 
exceeding 2 inches in diameter that will not 
materially weaken the strength of the piece, and 
that will not show through to the face when 
worked. 

SOUND CUTTINGS may contain firm knots; 
pin worm holes, sap and other defects which 
would not materially weaken the strength of 
the piece. 

The word "Cuttings" is intended to include 
both rippings and cuttings. 

15. LOG RUN means the full run of the log 

with all boards included that will cut 50% or 
better into sound cuttings. The smallest cut- 
ting allowed must contain 72 square inches and 
must not be shorter than 2 feet nor narrower 
than 3 inches, Walnut and Cherry excepted, 
which will allow a minimum of 33 1/3% sound 
cuttings and the dimensions for the smallest 
cutting to be the same as above. 

16. COMMON AND BETTER means the full 
run of the log with all grades below No. 1 
Common excluded. This grade must contain at 
least 25% of Firsts and Seconds. 

16a. THE PERCENTAGES OF FIRSTS re- 
quired in the combined grade of Firsts and Sec- 
onds in the different woods are as follows: 
50%— Poplar. 
40%— Bass wood, Soft Elm, Mexican Mahogany, 

Cottonwood. 
35% — African Mahogany. 

33 1-3% — White Ash, Birch, Hard Maple, Chest- 
nut, Sycamore, Red and White Oak (Plain 
and Quartered), Buckeye, Red and Sap 
Gum. 

25% — Soft Maple, Brown and Black Ash, Cuban 
Mahogany. 

20%— Beech, Butternut, Rock Elm, Hickory, 
Pecan, Walnut and Cherry. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 11 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

Measurement: 

17. Lumber must be inspected and measured 

as the inspector finds it, of full length and 
width. He shall make no allowance for the pur- 
pose of raising the grade. 

18. In the measurement of all lumber, frac- 
tions exactly on the half foot are to be dropped, 
and all fractions above the half foot are to be 
counted to the next higher figure on the board 
rule. 

19. A careful piece tally must be kept of all 
lumber showing the face measure. This shall 
be considered the board measure in all lumber 
one inch and thinner. To obtain the board 
measure in stock thicker than one inch, multiply 
the face measurement by the thickness in 
inches. 

20. In the absence of the shortest lengths in 
the grade where the same is allowed, the per 
cent of the next longer lengths may be increased 
proportionately. 

21. Tapering lumber shall be measured at one- 
third the length of the board from the narrow 
end, except strips. 

22. All widths and lengths mentioned in these 
rules shall be inclusive. 

23. The standard lengths are four to twenty 
feet, with fifteen per cent of odd lengths in feet 
in any grade admitted as standard lengths. 

24. The standard thicknesses for rough stock 
are: %, %, % %, 1, 1%, 1%, 1%. 2, 2%, 2%, 
2%, 3, 3%, 3%, 3% and 4 inches. 10% of the ship- 
ment may be 1/16" scant of the standard thick- 
ness. 

25. Lumber showing any greater variation in 
thickness than: 1/16" in %-inch stock, Ys" in 
% & %-inch stock, %" in 1 & 1-%-inch stock, 
y 2 " in l-y 2 & 2-inch stock, %" in over 2-inch 
stock, must be graded as in the regular grade 
shown according to defects, etc., but measured 
at the thin part, and tallied separately as mis- 
sawed lumber. 

In Common grades the percentage of cuttings 
required must be the part of the lumber only 
required to show the above variations. 

Standard Defects. 

26. Each one of the following items consti- 
tutes a standard defect, any of which may ap- 



12 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

pear In the board up to the limit specified in the 
rule covering its quality. 

a. One knot one and one-fourth inches in di- 
ameter. 

b. Two knots so located that they will not 
exceed in damage one standard knot. 

c. Worm holes, grub holes, or rafting pin holes 
not exceeding in damage one standard knot. 

d. Heart, shake, rot, dote, or any other de- 
fects not exceeding in damage one standard 
knot. 

e. Bark or waney edge not to exceed one inch 
in the average, running not to exceed one-third 
the length of the board, only showing on one 
aide and to be measured. 






H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 13 



POPLAR 



General Instructions, and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Bright Burls that will dress smooth are not 
to be considered defects in any grade. 

Sound Gum Spots are no defect in any grade. 
Open Gum Spots to be considered by the in- 
spector. 

The standard lengths and thicknesses are as 
designated under the heading of each grade. 
Grades and Nomenclature. 

The following are the standard grades of 
Poplar lumber adopted and the terms by which 
they are to be known: 

Rough Stock: 

Grades. Standard Thicknesses. 

Panel and Wide No. 1 % to 2 inches 

Fas or Firsts and Seconds com- 
bined as one grade % to 4 inches 

Selects % to 4 inches 

Saps % to 2 inches 

Wide No. 2 % to 2 inches 

No. 1 Common % to 4 inches 

No. 2 Common % to 4 Inches 

No. 3 Common % to 4 inches 

No. 4 Common % to 4 inches 

Scoots % to 4 inches 

Car Sign Boards 1 to 2^ inches 

Wagon Box Boards 1 inch 

Shorts % to 4 inches 

Strips % to 2 inches 

Quartered Poplar. 

Fas or Firsts and Seconds % to 2 inches 

No. 1 Common % to 2 inches 

No. 2 Common % to 2 inches 

Squares. 

4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, 11x11, and 
12x12. 
Fas or Firsts and Seconds. 
No. 1 Common. 

Panel and Wide No. 1. 

Panel and Wide No. 1 are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
•dd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 




14 H. M. A, OF THE U. S. 



POPLAR. 

Widths: 18 Inches and over. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap no defect. 

Panel. — 8 and 9-foot lengths must be clear. 

Seventy-five per cent of the total quantity 
must be clear of defects on both sides; the 
balance of the quantity may contain three de- 
fects, provided ninety per cent of the piece can 
be used for Panels four feet and longer, in the 
full width of the board. 

Splits six inches long in one end not to be con- 
sidered a defect in any board; splits longer than 
six inches not to be admitted. 

Wide No. 1.— 8 and 9-foot lengths will admit 
one standard defect. 

10 and 11-foot will admit two standard defects. 

12 to 16-foot will admit three standard defects. 

17 to 20-foot will admit four standard defects. 

Splits admitted not to exceed fifteen inches in 
not to exceed ten per cent of the pieces. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 7 to 17 inches, up to 2 inches thick, 
2^4 inches and thicker, 7 inches and over wide. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 8 inches and over wide. 

8 to 9 inches must be clear. 

10 to 11 inches will admit 1 inch of bright sap. 

12 to 14 inches will admit one standard defect 
and 2 inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright 
sap if there are no knots or equal defects. 

15 to 17 inches will admit two standard de- 
fects, or one standard defect and 3 inches of 
bright sap, or 6 inches of bright sap if there 
are no knots or equal defects. 

Seconds shall be 7 inches and over wide. 

7 inches must be clear. 

8 inches will admit 1 inch of bright sap. 

9 to 11 inches will admit one standard defect 
and 1 inch of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright 
sap or equal defects. 

12 to 14 inches will admit two standard de- 
fects and 2 inches of bright sap, or one stand- 
ard defect and 4 inches of bright sap, or 6 
inches of bright sap if there are no other de- 
fects. 

15 to 17 inches will admit three standard de- 
fects or two standard defects and 3 inches of 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 15 



POPLAR. 

bright sap, or 6 inches of bright sap if there 
are no other defects. 

Splits not to exceed in length the width of 
the board admitted and to be considered one 
standard defect, and not over twenty per cent 
of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

Selects. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Selects shall include the following different 
kinds of boards: 

(1) A board having a face side as good as a 
First, the other side must be as good as a No. 
2 Common. Sun checks admitted on the poor 
side of this board. 

(2) A board having a face side as good as 
a Second, the other side must be as good as a 
No. 1 Common. 

(3) A board that has one more standard de- 
fect than would admit it to a Second. Ex- 
amples: 

(a) A board 6 to 7 inches wide with one 
standard defect. 

(b) A board 8 inches wide with 1 inch of 
bright sap and one standard defect. 

(c) Boards 9 to 11 inches wide with 2 inches 
of bright sap and two standard defects, and 
accordingly as widths increase. 

Splits not to exceed the width of the board 
up to 10 inches are admitted. Boards over 10 
Inches in width will admit a split one-sixth the 
length of the board. 

Saps. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 4 to 17 inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Saps will admit standard defects as follows: 

Up to 10 inches wide, none. 

11 to 12 inches wide, one. 

13 inches and wider, two. 

Splits not to exceed the width of the board 
up to 10 inches are admitted. Boards over 10 
Inches in width will admit a split one-sixth 
the length of the board, if there are no other 
defects. 

Bright sap or sap that will show bright after 
dressing to standard thickness admitted. 



16 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



POPLAR. 

Wide No. 2. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches and 
28 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap no defect. 

8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 

18 inches wide, except 8-foot lengths, may 
contain five standard defects and one additional 
defect for each two inches of additional width. 

Splits equal in length to the width of the 
board are admitted in not to exceed ten per 
cent of the boards, and are counted as a stand- 
ard defect. 



No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 
Widths: 5 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap admitted. 20% of sound discolored 
sap admitted on face. 

No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade 
according to the percentage of clear face cut- 
tings, as shown below: 

No piece or cutting to be less than 5 inches 
wide and 18 inches long. 

The following table explains fully how the 
widths and lengths of boards are to grade: 

No. of 

Width. Length. Per cent. Pieces. 

6 inches 8 to 14 feet 90% 2 

15 feet and over 90% 3 

Ho 7 inches 8 to 10 feet 85% 2 

" 11 feet and over 85% 3 

8 to 9 inches 8 to 10 feet 75% 2 

11 to 16 feet 75% 3 
17 feet and over 75% 4 

10 to 12 inches 8 to 11 feet 70% 2 

12 to 16 feet 70% 3 
" 17 feet and over 70% 4 

13 in. and over 8 to 11 feet 66 2-3% 3 

12 to 16 feet 66 2-3% 4 

17 ft. & over 66 2-3% 6 



No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 17 

POPLAR. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Com- 
mon and that will work at least 50% into sap or 
clear face cuttings. No cutting to be less than 4 
inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Sound discolored sap is not to be considered a 
defect in this grade. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 50% 
sound cuttings. 

No cutting to be less than 3 inches wide and 
2 feet long. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

Scoots. 

Scoots shall include all lumber not up to the 
grade of No. 4 Common. 



STANDARD GRADES FOR SPECIFIC 
PURPOSES. 

Car Sign Boards. 

Lengths: 12 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd 
lengths; 20% may be 12 and 13 feet, 20% 14 and 
15 feet, and the balance 16 to 20 feet. 

Widths: 13 to 17 inches. 

Thicknesses: 1, 1%, 1Y 2 , 2, and 2Ms inches. 

The face side must be free from all defect! 
except bright sap. 

The reverse side of this stock must be sound 
and rigid, for the purpose of making a solid sup- 
port for the face. Defects are allowed on the 
back which will not materially impair the 
strength of the piece. 



18 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

POPLAR. 
Wagon Box Boards. 

Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 to 
12 inches. 

Lengths: 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15% may be 
11, 13, 15 feet. 

Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when ship- 
ping dry. 

Defects: Must be free from defects excepting 
that no objection will be made to bright sap or 
sound discolored sap; also one sound knot, not 
to exceed l 1 ^. inches in diameter or its equiv- 
alent, showing on one face only. Eleven feet 
lengths to be free from splits: 12, 13 and 16 feet 
lengths will admit of a 12 inch split in one end 
or its equivalent in both ends; 14 and 15 feet 
lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 
inches in one end or its equivalent in both ends. 

Note: 16 feet lengths may have other defects 
so that the board will make one side 11 feet 
long and one end piece 3 feet 6 inches long. 

Note: Five per cent in feet of a shipment 
that can be reduced in measurement by cutting 
the end or edge or both to a size ordered must 
be accepted and measured as box boards, sepa- 
rate tally to be kept of such boards, showing 
reduction in measurement. 

Note: Inspectors are cautioned that "woolly" 
cottonwood and lumber so warped that it cannot 
be used for box boards, must be excluded from 
this grade. 

SHORTS. 

Lengths: 12 to 42 inches — in multiples of 6 
inches. 
Widths: 3 inches and up. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 1. 
Will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and 
two standard defects. 

No. 2. 
Shall work 50% sound cutting. 
Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in 
width and one-third the length of the piece on 
one edge or the equivalent on both edges. 

This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting up 
purposes. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end 
and tallied lengths separate on the half and 

even inches. In event of beveled edges, the nar- 
row face shall be measured. 
Lengths: 8 feet and. over, admitting 15% of 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 19 



POPLAR. 

odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 2%, 3, ZY 2 , 4, 4%, 5, 5^, and 6 
Inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 1 Strips shall be clear of all defects, ex- 
cepting 1 Inch of bright sap showing only on 
one face. 

Select Strips will admit bright sap without 
limit, or, in the absence of sap, two sound knots, 
not to exceed %-inch each in diameter, or one 
standard defect. 

No. 1 Common Strips will admit bright or 
sound discolored sap without limit. In addition 
thereto 8 to 12-foot lengths may have two 
standard defects; 14-foot and over, three. 

No. 2 Common Strips will admit all pieces that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, 
which can be used for cheap work without waste 
of more than one-third the length of any one 
piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. 

SQUARES. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Sizes: 4x4 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, and 
12x12. 

Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Com- 
mon. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 
Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 
Firsts are to be sound and free from hearts, 
shakes, and checks, but may have other defects, 
as follows: 

Bright 
Sap on 
Standard 2 

Knots edges 



8 to 12 feet long 1 or 2" 

13 feet and longer 1 and 2' 
f 8 to 12 feet long 1 
\ 13 feet and longer 2 

8 to 12 feet long 2 

13 feet and longer 2 

8 to 12 feet long 3 

13 feet and longer 3 

8 to 12 feet long 4 

13 feet and longer 4 

8 to 12 feet long 5 

13 feet and longer 5 
Seconds will admit all knots, as described In 
Firsts, but bright sap will be admitted without 
limit. 



4"x 4' 

4"x 4' 

f 5"x 5' 

t 6"x 6' 

7"x 7' 

7"x V 

S"x 8' 

8"x 8' 

9"x 9' 

9"x 9' 

10"xl0' 

I2"xl2' 



or 


2 


and 


3 


or 


3' 


and 


3' 


or 


3' 


and 


3' 


or 


3' 


and 


3' 


or 


4' 


and 


4' 



20 H. M. A. OF THE V. S. 



POPLAR. 



No. 1 Common. 

No. 1 Common Squares will include all Squares 
not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that 
will cut two-thirds their length clear in pieces 
that can be used for newells and short turnings 
not less than 3 feet long, or will admit of stained 
sap without limit, if they have no more defects 
than would go in a Second, or will admit of 
season checks running full length on two sides. 



QUARTERED POPLAR. 

Defects in this kind of Poplar differ from those 
In plain sawed, and consist largely of spike knots 
and open gum spots. 

Bright sap no defect. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

5 inches must be clear. 

6 to 7 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two 
knots showing 1-inch space on edge, or one de- 
fect condensed not exceeding a 2-inch space. 

6 to 7 inches, 14 feet and longer, will admit 
three knots showing 1-inch space on edge, or 
one or two defects condensed not exceeding 3 
inches in space. 

8 to 9 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two 
knots showing iy 2 inches space on edge, or one 
defect condensed not exceeding 3 inches in space. 

8 to 9 inches, 14 feet long and longer, will 
admit three knots iy 2 inches in space on edge, 
or one or two defects condensed not exceeding 
the same. 

10 inches and wider, 8 to 12 feet long, will 
admit two knots 2 inches in space on edge, or 
one defect condensed not exceeding the same. 

10 inches and wider, 14 feet and longer, will 
admit three knots 2 inches in space on edge, or 
one or two defects condensed not exceeding the 
same. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 21 

POPLAR (Quartered). 
No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap no defect. 

No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade 
according to the percentage of clear face quar- 
tered cuttings as shown below. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 inches 
wide and 18 inches long. 

The following table explains fully how the 
widths and lengths of boards are to grade: 











No. 


Width. 


Length. 


Per cent. 


Pes 


4 inches 


8 to 12' 


85 




2 


i< 


13 to 20' 


85 




3 


6 to G" 


8 to 10' 


80 




2 


" 


11 to 14' 


80 




3 


** 


15 and 16' 


80 




4 


" 


17 to 20' 


80 




5 


7 to 8" 


8 to 12' 


70 




3 


" 


13 to 16' 


70 




4 


■ 4 


17 to 20' 


70 




5 


9" and wider 


8 to 12' 


66 


2-3 


3 


*• 


13 to 16' 


66 


2-3 


4 


" 


17 and 18' 


66 


2-3 


5 


ii 


19 and 20' 


66 


2-3 


6 




No. 2 Common. 









Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 10% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright or slightly discolored sap no defect. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common 
that will work at least 50% into clear face quar- 
tered cuttings. No piece or cutting to be less 
than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

POPLAR, DRESSED OR WORKED. 
General Instructions. 

1. Dressed Poplar shall be inspected from the 
best or face side. The reverse side may contain 
defective dressing, but no other defects that 
would not go in the grade. 



22 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



POPLAR (Dressed). 

General Instructions (Continued). 

2. Slightly chipped grain on face side admit- 
ted, provided it does not exceed 6 inches square 
in Firsts and Seconds, 12 inches square in Saps 
and Selects, and 18 inches square in No. 1 Com- 
mon in the aggregate. 

3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed or worked 
stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mis- 
matched, insufficient tongue or groove, shall be 
considered defects and will reduce the grade ac- 
cordingly. 

4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring or Drop Siding, 
having less than three-sixteenths of an inch 
tongue, shall not be admitted in any grade above 
No. 2 Common. 

5. Wane on the reverse side, not exceeding 
one-third the width, and running not to exceed 
one-sixth the length of any piece, provided the 
wane does not extend into the tongue, or over 
one-half the thickness below the groove, will be 
admitted. 



Bevel Siding. 

Bevel Siding is made from 1x4, 5, and 6-inch 
strips, S. 4 S. to 27/32 x 3%, 4%, and 5% inches 
and resawed on a bevel. 

No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. Must be practically free of de- 
fects except 1 inch of sap or two knots on thin 
edge that will cover by lap. 

SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots 
%" in diameter, or one standard defect. Sap 
admitted without limit. 

No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. Sound discolored 
sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to be 
considered defects in this grade. In addition 
thereto boards may contain standard defects or 
their equivalent as follows: 

4-foot lengths, one. 

5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 

10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 

15 to 20-foot lengths, four. 

No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces 
that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Com- 
mon which can be used for cheap siding without 
waste of more than one-third the length of any 
one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 23 

POPLAR (Dressed). 

Drop Siding. 

Made from 1x4, 5, and 6-inch strips. 
Widths: 3*4, 4*4, 5% inches net face, counted 
as 4, 5, and 6-inch respectively. 

Thicknesses: % inch net after surfacing. 
The above covers all grades. 

No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. Must be practically free of de- 
fects on face side. 

SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots 
%." in diameter, or one standard defect. Sap 
admitted without limit. 

No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. Sound discolored 
sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to be 
considered defects in this grade. In addition 
thereto boards may contain standard defects or 
their equivalent as follows: 

4-foot lengths, one. 

5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 

10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 

15 to 20-foot lengths, four. 

No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces 
that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 
Common which can be used for cheap siding 
without waste of more than one-third the length 
of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. 

Dressed Dimension Strips. 

Widths, 3 inches and over; stock S. 2 S. X A inch 

scant in width; stock S. 4 S. V 2 inch 

scant in width. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 1 Dimension: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. Each piece must 
be practically clear on one face, 7 to 9" widths, 
1" of bright sap admitted on one edge showing 
on face side, 10 to 12" widths 1V Z " of bright sap 
admitted on one edge showing on face side. 

SELECT Dimension: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, 
admitting 15% of odd lengths. Bright sap ad- 
mitted without limit, and in addition thereto one 
standard defect or its equivalent admitted in 
boards 8" and under wide, and two standard 
defects or their equivalent admitted in boards 
9 to 12" inclusive. 

No. 1 COMMON Dimensions: Lengths, 4 to 20 
feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall admit 
of any number of sound knots that paint will 
cover, the board to work full length and width. 



24 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

POPLAR (Dressed). 

Bright or sound discolored sap and scattered 
pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in 
this grade. 

No. 2 COMMON Dimension: Lengths, 4 to 20 
feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall include 
all boards that will work two-thirds or more of 
the same grade as No. 1 Common, in not to ex- 
ceed three cuts the full width of the boards, no 
cutting to be shorter than 3 feet. 

Casing and Base. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: Net, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7^, 8%, and 
9% inches, counted ^-inch wider than net face. 

Thicknesses: 13/16 inch after surfacing. 

The above refers to and covers all grades. 

FIRSTS AND SECONDS. Each piece must be 
practically clear on face side. 

7 to 10-inch wfdths, 1 inch of bright sap ad- 
mitted on one edge, showing on face side. 

SAPS AND SELECTS. Bright sap -admitted 
without limit, and in addition one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent to be admitted in boards 
8" and under, and two standard defects or their 
equivalent in boards 9 to 10" wide. 

No. 1 COMMON. This grade will include all 
stock that will not come up to the grade of Saps 
and Selects, that will work two-thirds of its 
length clear face in pieces 3 feet long and longer, 
regardless of sap. Stained sap without limit, 
where there are no other defects, admitted in 
this grade. 

Flooring and Ceiling. 

Widths: 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5*4 inches net face, 
counted as 3, 4, 5, and 6 inches, respectively. 

Stock finished on the one-half inch shall be 
counted three-quarter inch wider than net face. 

Thicknesses: Flooring, 13/16" after surfacing. 
Ceiling, 5/16" counted as %", 7/16" counted as 
%", 9/16" counted as %", and 11/16" counted as 

The above covers all grades. 

No. 1. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% 
of odd lengths. Must be practically free from 
defects on face side. 

SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 
15% of odd lengths. Bright sap without limit or 
in the, absence of sap two sound knots not to ex- 
ceed % inch in diameter or one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 25 

POPLAR (Dressed). 

No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. Bright or sound dis- 
colored sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to 
be considered defects in this grade. In addition 
thereto boards may contain the following stand- 
ard defects or their equivalent: 
4-foot lengths, one. 
6 to 10-foot lengths, two. 

12 to 14-foot lengths, three. 

16 to 20-foot lengths, four. 

No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

Will admit all pieces that will not come up to 
the grade of No. 1 Common which can be used 
for cheap work without waste of more than one- 
third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm 
holes admitted. 

Partition. 

The rules for Flooring and Ceiling shall apply, 
except that the reverse side of the piece must 
not be of a lower grade than the face. 

Mouldings. 

No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% of 8, 9, and 10 feet, with not to 
exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths, thickness, and, pattern to be governed 
by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded 
as follows: 

Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be 
admitted without limit; otherwise clear, except 
slightly chipped grain not to exceed one-twelfth 
the length of any one piece. 

No. 2. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and 8 feet, with not to 
exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed 
by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded 
as follows: 

No. 2 will Include all moulding that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% 
clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. Sound discol- 
ored sap is no defect. 



26 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

PLAIN SAWED OAK, RED OR WHITE 

General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, Step 
Plank, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, Sound 
Wormy, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and 
over long, and will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admittM and to be considered as one 
standard defect and not over 20% of the whole 
fn either quality may Me so split. 

Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece 
on the face side is no defect. 

STEP PLANK. 

Grades: First and Seconds and No. 1 Com- 
mon. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 10% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 10 to 15 inches. 

Thicknesses: 1, 1*4, 1%, and 2 inches. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

(Step Plank) 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, 
and must show one face and one edge practi- 
cally free from all defects. The other side and 
other edge may contain sound defects that will 
not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 

Ten feet and over long may have one split not 
exceeding 12 inches in length. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 27 

PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. 

No. 1 Common. 

(Step Plank) 

No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up 
to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be 
used for Step Plank without waste of more than 
one-third of the piece. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long 
by the full width of the piece. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not 
to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 
inches wide: over 8 inches wide will admit one 
standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is no defect. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
60% clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 



28 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. 
Sound Wormy. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must work at least 66 2/3% of cut- 
tings, which shall contain no other defects ex- 
cept pin or spot worm holes. 

No cutting allowed that is not at least 3 feet 
long and at least 3 inches wide. 

Sound discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must work at least 50% sound cut- 
ting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 2 feet, 
nor narrower than 3 inches. 

Sound discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end 
and tallied lengths separate on the half and even 

inches. In event of beveled edges, the narrow 
face shall be measured. 
Bright sap is no defect. 

Clear Face Strips. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5 and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must show one clear face, free from 
all defects. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3V 2 , 4, 4^, 5 and 5% inches. 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 29 



PLAIN RED OR WHITE OAK. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

This grade must work 66 2-3% clear face in 
not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting 
admitted which is less than 3 feet long and 2 
inches wide. 

No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5 and 5y 2 inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

This grade must work 50% clear face. No 
piece or cutting to be considered less than 2 feet 
long and 2 inches wide. 

Sound discolored sap is no defect. 

Sound Wormy Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2y 2 , 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

This grade must work at least 66 2/3% clear 
face cuttings, except for pin or spot worm holes. 

No cutting allowed that is less than 4 feet 
long by the full width of the piece. 

Sound discolored sap allowed. 



30 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

QUARTER SAWED OAK, 
RED OR WHITE 

General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Fas., or Firsts and Seconds 
Step Plank, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 
3 Common, and No. 4 Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, 
and must show figure covering at least 90% of 
the face side. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and 
over long, and will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may in?*-*>ase in 
proportion. 

One inch of bright sap is not a defect; each 
additional inch of sap to be considered as one 
standard defect. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

STEP PLANK. 

Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Com- 
mon. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 10% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 10 to 15 inches. 

Thicknesses: 1, 1%, iy 2 , and 2 inches. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 31 

QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

(Step Plank) 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, 
and must show one face and one edge practi- 
cally free from all defects. The other side and 
other edge may contain sound defects that will 
not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 

75% of the face side must show figure. 

10 feet and over long may have one split not 
exceeding 12 inches in length. 

No. 1 Common. 

(Step Plank) 

No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up 
to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be 
used for Step Plank without waste of more than 
one-third of the piece. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long 
by the full width of the piece. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths, 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 
8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one 
standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear figured face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches IT to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 



32 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 

QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. 
No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
50% clear face figured cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches. 

All cuttings must show figure on face side. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lensrths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
figured cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end 
and tallied lengths separate on the half and 

even inches. In event of beveled edges, the 
narrow face shall be measured. 

Clear Face Strips. 

Must show figure covering at least 90% of the 
face side. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2V 2 . 3. 3y 2 , 4, 4^, 5 and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must show one clear quartered face 
free from all defects, excepting one-half inch of 
bright sap on 2, 2V 2 , 3 and 3%-inch strips, and 1 
inch on 4, 4%, 5, and 5^-inch strips. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 33 

QUARTERED RED OR WHITE OAK. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5 and 5^ inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect. 

Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear figured 
face in not more than two pieces. No piece or 
cutting to be considered which is less than 3 feet 
long and 2 inches wide. 



No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not 
to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 2, 2%, 3, 3V 2 , 4, 4%, 5 and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

This grade must work 50% clear figured face. 
No piece or cutting to be considered which ia 
less than 2 feet long by 2 inches wide. Sound 
discolored sap is no defect. 



34 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR RAILROAD 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS 
AND SOUND SQUARE EDGE OAK 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

Those who are not familiar with the anatomy 
of the oak tree should, when reading over these 
rules, take into consideration that the rule de- 
scribes the poorest piece that goes into the grade 
and that a large per cent is above the grade 
described. 

Definition of Oak for Construction Purposes. 

The term "Construction Oak" means all such 
products of Oak in which the strength and 
durability of the timber is the controlling ele- 
ment in its selection and use. The following 
is a list of products which are recommended for 
consideration as "Construction Oak": 

Firsts are to be sound and free from heart, 
shakes and checks, but may have other defects 
as follows: 

I.— CONSTRUCTION OAK. 

(A) Trestle and Bridge Timbers: Mud Sills, 
Stringers, Caps, Posts, Bracing, Bridge 
Ties, Guard Rails, Struts and Girts, Sash 
and Sway Braces. 

(B) Docking and Platform Timbers: Mud 
Sills, Posts, Bracing, Caps, Stringers, 
Joists, Dock and Platform or Flooring 
Plank and Wales. 

(C) Platform or Flooring Plank can be either 
square edged or matched. 

(D) Locomotive Timbers: Sills, End and 
Truck Timbers. 

(E) Car Timbers: Car Framing, including Up- 
per Framing, Car Sills, End and Truck 
Timbers. Car Decking, Inside Lining. 

(F) Ties: Switch Ties, Cross Ties. 

(G) Framing for Building: Mud Sills, Posts, 
Girders, Framing, Joists, etc. 

(H) Bridge and Crossing Plank: Railroad 
Crossing Plank, Bridge Floor Planking. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 35 

CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

(H'/ 2 ) Sheet Piling: Same as Crossing Plank, 
except may contain unlimited amount of 
heart. 
(H3/ 4 ) Round Piling. 
(I) Cattle Guards. 
(J) Track or Bumper Post. 
Items A, B, C, G hereafter designated as 
Structural Oak. 

II.— STANDARD DEFECTS. 

Definition of "Defect": Fault, Blemish, Mark 
of imperfection that will materially in- 
jure the strength. 

Measurements which refer to the diameter of 
' knots or holes shall be considered as re- 
ferring to the mean or average diameter. 

II.— (A) KNOTS. 

(1) Sound Knot. A Sound Knot is one which 
is solid across its face, and which is as hard as 
the wood surrounding it; it may be any color 
and contain checks. 

(2) Loose Knot. A Loose Knot is one not 
firmly held in place by growth or position. 

(3) Pith Knot. A Pith Knot is a Sound Knot 
with a pith hole not more than y±' in diameter 
in the center. 

(4) Rotten Knot. A Rotten Knot is one that 
is not sound and not as hard as the wood sur- 
rounding it. 

(5) Pin Knot. A Pin Knot is a Sound Knot 
not over %" in diameter. 

(6) Standard Knot. A Standard Knot is a 
knot not over 2" in diameter. 

(7) Large Knot. A Large Knot is a Sound 
Knot more than 2" in diameter. 

(8) Round Knot. A Round Knot is one which 
is oval or circular in form. 

(9) Spike Knot. A Spike Knot is one sawn 
in lengthwise direction. The mean or the aver- 
age width shall be considered in measuring this 
knot. 

(10) Bird Peck. Bruises apparently caused 
by bird pecks during the growth process of the 
timber. Considered no defect. 

II.— (B) WORM DEFECTS. 

(1) Pin Worm Holes. Pin Worm Holes are 
very small holes caused by minute insects or 
worms. These holes usually are not over 1/16" in 
diameter, or smaller, and the wood surrounding 
them is sound and does not show any evidence 
of the worm hole having any effect on the wood 
other than the opening. 



36 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

(2) Spot Worm Defects. ( Also known as Flag 
Worm Defects.) Spot Worm Defects are caused 
like Pin Worm Holes by minute insects or worms 
working on the timber during its growth. The 
size of the hole is about the same as Pin Worm 
Holes, but the surrounding wood shows a col- 
ored spot as evidenc ■ of the defect. This spot is 
usually sound, and does not affect the strength 
of the piece. 

(3) Grub Worm Holes. Grub Worm Holes are 
usually from about %" to 3/16" in width, and 
vary in length from about 1" to 1%" or \ x k" and 
are caused by grubs working in the wood. 

(4) Wooden Rafting Pin Holes. This defect 
sometimes appears on river timber which has 
been rafted and holes bored in the solid wood 
for tying the timber, and a solid plug or pin 
driven in the hole, filling it completely. These 
defects must be treated and considered the same 
as Knot Defects. Ordinary Metal, Rafting Pin 
or Chain Dog Hole is considered no defect. 

II. — (C) SAP. 

Definition of "Sap": The Alburnum of a tree — 
the exterior part of the wood next to the bark — 
Sap Wood, not considered a defect. 

Sound Heart: The term Sound Heart is used 
in these rules whenever heart of piece is split 
or opened and shows on outside of piece and its 
condition is sound and solid, not decayed. Open- 
ings between annual rings or checks not con- 
sidered a defect. 

II.— (D) WANE. 

Wane is bark or lack of wood from any cause 
on edges of timber. 

II.— (E) SHAKES. 

Definition of "Shakes": Shakes are splits or 
checks in the timber which usually cause a sep- 
aration of the wood between the annual rings. 

(1) Ring Shakes. Ring Shakes are openings 
between the annual rings usually showing only 
on the end of timber. 

(2) Through Shakes. Through Shakes £re 
shakes which extend between two faces of the 
timber. 

(3) Checks. A small crack in the wood due 
to seasoning, not considered a defect. 

II.— (F) GRAIN. 

Crooked op Cross Grain. Crooked or Cross 
Grain crosses the piece within a section 24" in 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 37 



CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

running length of the piece. This is only con- 
sidered a defect in certain smaller sizes of di- 
mension for specific purposes. 

II.— (G) ROT. 

Any form of decay which may be detected as 
giving the timber a doty or rotten texture is 
a rot defect, including what is commonly 
known as dry rot. Water Stain, or what are 
sometimes called scalded or burnt spots, usually 
caused by timber lying in the water under cer- 
tain conditions before it is sawed, and burnt 
spots where the timber is improperly piled green, 
not considered defects, as they do not affect the 
strength of the piece. 

IN.— STANDARD NAMES FOR 
CONSTRUCTION OAK. 

Standard Names for Construction Oak Timber: 
White Oak and Red Oak. Unless specially men- 
tioned, these terms include the following: 
White Oak- 
White Oak. 

Chestnut or Tanbark Oak. 

Burr or Mossy Cup Oak. 

Rock Oak. 

Post or Iron Oak. 

Overcup Oak. 

Live Oak. 

Swamp Post Oak. 

Basket or Cow Oak. 

Yellow or Chinquapin Oak. 

Red Oak — 

Red Oak. 
Pin Oak. 
Black Oak. 
Water Oak. 
Willow Oak. 
Spanish Oak. 
Scarlet Oak. 
Turkey Oak. 

Black Jack or Barn Oak. 
Shingle or Laurel Oak. 
Term. — Mixed Oak means any kind of Oak. 

IV.— STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR 
STRUCTURAL OAK TIMBERS. 

(1) General Requirements. Except as noted, 
all Structural Timbers shall be White Oak, to be 
sound timber and sawed specified sizes; free 
from ring shakes and crooked grain, rotten 
knots, large knots in groups, rot, dote, and 



38 PI. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

wane in amounts greater than allowed In these 
specifications. 

(2) Boxed Hearts are permitted in pieces 
of 5x5 square and larger. The center of the 
heart should be boxed as near the center of the 
piece as practical, and not to exceed 30% of the 
piece? can have the center of the heart nearer 
than 1%" from any face; 20% may show one 
heart face, corner or edge, not to exceed 75% 
of the length of the piece. 



IV.— (3) WANE. 



Explanatory: 



The term 20% of number of pieces or amount 
shipped refers to each item and size of each car 
shipped. 

(a) Pieces 5x5 to 8x8 square may show 1" 
wane, side measurement on any two corners or 
edges, and this wane not to exceed more than 
25% of the length of the piece singly, or 50% in 
aggregate. In the absence of wane on all cor- 
ners excepting one, the one corner may contain 
wane 50% of the length of the piece as above de- 
scribed; not to exceed 20% of number of pieces 
may have this defect. 

(b) Pieces over 8x8 including 12x12 square 
may show l^A" wane side measurement edge of 
any two corners or edges, and this wane not to 
exceed more than 33 1-3% of the length of the 
piece singly, or 66 2/3% in aggregate. In the 
absence of wane on all corners excepting one, 
the one corner may contain wane 66 2/3% of the 
length of the piece as above described; not to 
exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this 
defect. 

(c) Pieces over 12x12 square may show 1%" 
side measurement any two corners or edges, and 
this wane not to extend more than 40% of the 
length of the piece singly, or 80% in aggregate. 
In the absence of wane on all corners excepting 
one, the one corner may contain wane 80% of the 
length of the piece as above described; not to 
exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this 
defect. 

(d) In event that pieces have two faces as 
wide as above described and two faces narrower, 
the proportion of the amount of wane is ad- 
missible. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 39 



CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

(e) Pieces 1" to 5" thick, not exceeding 8" 
wide, are governed by defect specifications above 
mentioned with the exception that they shall not 
contain wane, and not to exceed 20% of pieces 
2" and thicker may show sound heart on one 
face; pieces under 2" thick must be free of 
heart. Pieces 8" and wider may contain wane 
as per paragraph b and d. 

(f) Rough sizes of Structural Timber shall 
not vary more than *4" scant of specified size. 
Dressed sizes may be %" scant after dressing. 

V.— (B) LOCOMOTIVE TIMBER OAK. 

PASSENGER COACH DIMENSION OAK. 
REFRIGERATOR CAR DIMENSION OAK. 

Thickness cut to order, widths cut to order, 
lengths cut to order. Unless otherwise noted, 
must be cut from White Oak. This stock, where- 
ever practical, should be cut outside the heart, 
and must be free of heart shake in pieces under 
6x6 square. No attempt should be made to box 
the heart in pieces smaller than 5x7 unless heart 
is very small and tight. When heart is well 
boxed it must be firm and tight, and the center 
of the heart must not be nearer than 2" from 
any face. Must be sawed full to sizes, with 
square edges, and cut from sound timber, and 
free from worm holes, with the exception of a 
few small pin-worm holes well scattered, and an 
occasional spot worm. None of these defects, 
however, to affect the serviceability of the piece 
for the purpose intended. Must be free from 
split, rot or dote, large loose, rotten, or unsound 
knots; or, in other words, free of all defects af- 
fecting the strength and durability of the piece; 
sound standard knots well scattered not consid- 
ered a defect. 

V.— (C) FREIGHT CAR TIMBERS. 

Freight Car Dimensions, including all cars 
other than Refrigerator and Passenger Cars. 
Sizes cut to order. Unless otherwise ordered 
must be saw r ed from good Merchantable White 
or Red Oak Timber. This stock must be free 
from rot, shakes and splits, large, loose, rotten 
or unsound knots, any of which will materially 
impair the strength and durability of the pieces 
for purposes intended. This stock is intended to 
work full size and length without waste for side 
Posts, Braces, End Sills, End Plates, Drafting 
Timbers, Cross Ties, etc., used in the construc- 
tion of ordinary Freight or Stock Cars. On 
pieces 3" x 4" or equivalent girth measure and 
larger (nothing under 2" thick) heart check 



40 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. 

showing on one corner or side admitted on 20% 
of the pieces in each car shipment. Well boxed, 
sound hearts admitted in this material in pieces 
5x6 and larger. 

On pieces 3x4 to 6x6 inclusive, or equivalent 
girth measurement and larger (nothing under 2" 
thick) in absence of heart defects, wane on one 
corner, %" side measurement admitted. 

Pieces over 6" x 6" square may contain 1" 
wane side measurement on one corner, with 
other conditions same as 3x4 to 6x6 sizes. 

V.-^(D) TIES. 

(1) Switch Ties Sawed. Thickness eut to 
order; widths cut to order; lengths cut to order; 
unless noted to be White Oak. Must contain 
three sound solid sides. One face or one corner 
(not both) may show sound heart. Large sound 
knots, pin, spot, or an occasional grub worm 
hole not considered a defect. Sizes may vary 
%" from specified sizes. 

(2) Cross Ties Sawed. Specifications same as 
Switch Ties. 

V.— (E) BRIDGE, DOCK, CROSSING PLANK. 

N Lengths, cut to order. 

Widths, cut to order. 

Thickness, cut to order. 

Sizes cut to order, probably 2", 3" and 4" 
thick, 6", 8", 10", and 12" wide, 12', 14', and 
16' long. 

This product is intended to work full one good 
sound face, and this face side must be square 
edge. Sound knots, small pin and spot worm 
holes no defect on face side. 

Must be free from rot and shake; practically 
square edges, admitting 1" of wane on each edge 
of reverse face, running two-thirds the length. 
Sound hearts on one side, rafting pin holes, knot 
holes, or grub holes not exceeding 2" in diameter 
admitted. 

V.— (F) SHEET PILING. 

Same as V (E), except that it may contain 
sound heart or heart check. 

V.— (G) CATTLE GUARDS. 

To be governed by specifications for Construc- 
tion Oak, reference IV. 

V.— (H) TRACK END OR BUMPING POSTS. 
To be governed by specifications for Structural 
Timbers, reference IV. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 41 



SOUND, SQUARE EDGE OAK. 

Timbers: The center of the heart should be 
boxed as near the center of the piece as practi- 
cal, not over 20% may show heart not to exceed 
75% of the length of the piece in the aggregate. 
Not over 20% may show wane, not exceeding 
one-sixth of the width of the piece in the aggre- 
gate. 

Surface shake extending not over one-sixth 
the length of the piece, worm holes, knots, 
splits, or other defects that do not materially 
impair the strength of the piece in working full 
length and width permitted. Ordinary season 
chocks are no defect. 

Plank: To have one sound face and two 
square edges on the face side, the face to be 
free from large unsound knots, rot or rafting 
pin holes, but will admit sound knots and other 
defects, none of which shall exceed in extent 
or damage a sound knot 2" in diameter in pieces 
8" and under wide, and a sound knot 3" in 
diameter in pieces over 8" wide. The reverse 
side will admit heart and other defects that do 
not materially weaken the piece. 



42 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



COTTONWOOD 






General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection. 

Slightly discolored sap which will dress up 
sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, ad- 
mitted in any grade. 

Standard Grades: Panel, Wide No. 1, Wagon 
Box Boards, Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, 
No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. 

Panel. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches; 24 to 27 inches, and 
28 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

8-foot lengths must be clear. 

75% of the total quantity must be clear of 
knots on both sides; the balance of the quantity 
may contain three defects, provided 90% of the 
piece can be used for panels 4 feet and longer in 
the full width of the board. 

Splits 6 inches long in one end not to be con- 
sidered a defect in any board; splits longer than 
6 inches not to be admitted. 

Wide No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches; 24 to 27 inches, and 
28 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 

10-foot lengths and over will admit three 
standard defects. 

Splits 15 inches in length admitted in not to 
exceed 10% of the pieces. 



Wagon Box Boards. 

Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 
to 12 inches. 

Lengths: 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15% may be 
11, 13, 15 feet. 

Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when ship- 
ping dry. 

Defects: Must be free from defects excepting 
that no objection will be made to bright sap or 
sound discolored sap; also one sound knot, not 
to exceed 1% inches in diameter or its equiv- 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 43 



COTTONWOOD. 

alent, showing on one face only. Eleven feet 
lengths to be free from splits; 12, 13 and 16 feet 
lengths will admit of a 12 inch split in one end 
or its equivalent in both ends; 14 and 15 feet 
lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 
inches in one end or its equivalent in both ends. 

Note: 16 feet lengths may have other defects 
so that the board will make one side 11 feet 
long and one end piece 3 feet 6 inches long. 

Note: Five per cent in feet of a shipment 
that can be reduced in measurement by cutting 
the end or edge or both to a size ordered must 
be accepted and measured as box boards, sep- 
arate tally to be kept of such boards, showing 
reduction in measurement. 

Note: Inspectors are cautioned that "woolly" 
cottonwood and lumber so warped that it cannot 
be used for box boards, must be excluded from 
this grade. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Standard defects are admitted as follows: 
6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 15 inches wide, four. 

16 to 17 inches wide, five. 

^Vs widths increase defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the 
piece admitted, and are to be considered as one 
standard defect, but not over 20% of the whole 
may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 6 feet long must, be clear one face up 
to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit 
one standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 



44 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 

COTTONWOOD. 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
IS inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 
Sound discolored sap no defect. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, 
and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- 
tings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

Sound discolored sap no defect. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet or over long shall work at least 
25% into sound cuttings. 

No piece or cutting to be considered which is 
less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

No. 4 Common. 
No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

SHORTS. 

Lengths: 12 to 42 inches — in multiples of 6 
inches. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 45 



COTTONWOOD (Dressed). 

No. 1. 

No. 1 will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split 
and two standard defects. 

No. 2. 

No. 2 shall work 50% into sound cuttings. 

Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width 
and one-third the length of the piece on one 
edge, or the equivalent on both edges. 

This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting up 
purposes. 

SQUARES. 

No. 1 shall be practically clear of knots. 

No. 2 shall admit of sound knots, stained sap, 

small season checks, splits not exceeding 12 
inches in length, and pin-worm holes. 

COTTONWOOD, DRESSED OR WORKED. 
General Instructions. 

1. Dressed Cottonwood shall be inspected from 
the best or face side. The reverse side may con- 
tain defective dressing, but no other defects that 
would not go in the grade. 

2. Slightly chipped grain on the face side ad- 
mitted, provided it does not exceed in the aggre- 
gate 6 inches square in Firsts and Seconds 8 to 
12 inches wide; 10 inches square in Firsts and 
Seconds 13 inches and wider; 12 inches square 
in No. 1 Common 6 to 12 inches wide, and 16 
inches square in No. 1 Common 13 inches and 
wider. 

3. Imperfect manufacture in Dressed Stock, 
such as torn grain, broken knots, mismatched, 
insufficient tongue or groove, shall be considered 
defects and will reduce the grade accordingly. 

4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring, or Drop Siding, 
having less than 3/16-inch tongue shall not be 
admitted in any grade above No. 3. 

5. Wane on the reverse side not exceeding 
one-third the width, and running not to exceed 
one-sixth the length of any one piece, provided 
the wane does not extend into the tongue, or 
over one-half the thickness below the groove, 
will be admitted. 

Standard Sizes of Dressed Cottonwood. 
FINISHING: %-inch S2S to 5/16-inch; %-inch 
S2S to 7/16-inch; %-inch S2S to 9/16-inch; 1-inch 
S2S to 13/16-inch; l^-inch S2S to 1 3/32-inch; 
1%-inch S28 to 1 11/32-inch; 2-inch S2S to 1%- 
inch. 



46 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



COTTONWOOD (Dressed). 

PARTITION: Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 
2%-inch; 3%-inch; 4 1 y 4-inch, and 5*4-inch face 
width. 

CEILING: %-inch dressed to 5/16-inch; %- 
inch dressed to 7/16-inch; %-inch dressed to 
9/16-inch; %-inch dressed to 11/16-inch — same 
widths as Partition. 

Bevel Siding and Weatherboarding. 

Bevel Siding is made from lx4-inch, lx5-inch, 
and lx6-inch strips S4S to 13/16x3%-inch; 
13/16x4% -inch and 13/16x5% -inch, resawed on a 
bevel. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

Will allow sound sap without limit, but is oth- 
erwise clear except small defects which the lap 
will cover. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working, or other 
defects which can be removed in two cuts with- 
out waste of more than 10% of the length of any 
one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work 
without waste of more than one-third of the 
contents of any one piece. 

Drop Siding and Ceiling. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

Shall be one face clear and be otherwise sound. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and un- 
sound defects which can be removed in two cuts 
without waste of more than 10% of the length of 
any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work 
without waste of more than one -third the con- 
tents of any one piece. 

Partition. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

Must be clear of knots on both sides. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 47 

COTTONWOOD. 

May contain imperfections in working, and 
other defects which can be removed in two cuts 
without waste of more than 10% of the length of 
any one piece, 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admit- 
ting 15% of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work 
without waste of more than one-third of the con- 
tents of any one piece. 

Mouldings. 

No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, with 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed 
by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded 
as follows: 

Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be 
admitted without limit; otherwise clear, except 
slightly chipped grain not to exceed one-twelfth 
the length of any one piece. 

No. 2. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and 8 feet, with not to 
exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed 
by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded 
as follows: 

No. 2 will include all moulding that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% 
clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. Sound discol- 
ored sap is no defect. 



48 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CUM 

General Instructions and the following rules to 
govern the inspection: 

The standard grades are: Panel, Wide No. 1, 
First and Seconds Red, "Wagon Box Boards, 
Firsts and Seconds Sap, Red Common, No. 1 
Common Sap, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, 
and No. 4 Common. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Panel. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches, and 
28 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard, % to 2 inches. 

8-foot lengths must be clear. 

75% of the total quantity must be clear of 
knots on both sides; the balance of the quantity 
may contain three defects, provided 90% of the 
piece can be used for panels 4 feet and longer, 
in the full width of the piece. Splits 6 inches 
long in one end not to be considered a defect in 
any board; splits longer than 6 inches not to be 
admitted. 

In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, If 
sound, is not considered a defect. 

Wide No. 1. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches, and 
28 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard, % to 2 inches. 

8-foot lengths will admit two standard de- 
fects. 

10-foot lengths and over will admit three 
standard defects. 

Splits 15 inches in length admitted, in not to 
exceed 10% of the pieces. 

In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, if 
sound, is not considered a defect. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Red. 

Firsts and Seconds Red are combined as one 
grade. This grade shall show one red face. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 49 



GUM. 

Firsts shall be 6 Inches and over wide, 10 
feet and over long, and free from all defects 
except in pieces 8 inches and over wide, which 
will admit one standard defect. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 15 inches wide, four. 

16 to 17 inches wide. five. 

As widths increase defects may Increase In 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted, and to be considered one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
lp either quality may be so split. 

Wagon Box Boards. 

Widths: Wide, 13 to 17 inches. Narrow, 9 
to 12 inches. 

Lengths: 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15% may be 
11, 13. 15 feet. 

Thickness: Must be 1 inch thick when ship- 
ping dry. 

Defects: Must be free from defects excepting 
that no objection will be made to bright sap or 
sound discolored sap; also one sound knot, not, 
to exceed 1% inches in diameter or its equiv- 
alent, showing on one face only. Eleven feet 
lengths to be free from splits; 12, 13 and 16 feet 
lengths will admit of a 12 inch split in one end 
or its equivalent in both ends; 14 and 15 feet 
lengths will admit of splits not to exceed 6 
inches in one end or its equivalent in both ends. 

Note: 16 feet lengths may have other defects 
so that the board will make one side 11 feet 
long and one end piece 3 feet 6 inches long. 

Note: Five per cent in feet of a shipment 
that can be reduced in measurement by cutting 
the end or edge or both to a size ordered must 
be accepted and measured as box boards, sep- 
arate tally to be kept of such boards, showing 
reduction in measurement. 

Note: Inspectors are cautioned that "woolly" 
cottonwood and lumber so warped that it cannot 
be used for box boards, must be excluded from 
this grade. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Sap. 
Firsts and Seconds Sap shall grade the same 
as Firsts and Seconds Red, except that bright 
sap or discolored sap, if sound, Is not to be 
considered a defect in this grade. 



50 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

GUM. 
Red Common. 

In this grade all cuttings shall show one red 
face. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 6 feet long must be clear one face up 
to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one 
standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work at least 
66 2/3% clear face, as follows: 



Widths. 


Lengths. 


No. of Pieces. 


4 to 11 inches 


7 to 11 feet 


2 


4 to 11 inches 


12 to 16 feet 


3 


4 to 11 inches 


17 to 20 feet 


4 


12 to 15 inches 


7 to 11 feet 


3 


12 to 15 inches 


12 to 16 feet 


4 


12 to 15 inches 


17 to 20 feet 


5 


16 inches and over 


7 to 11 feet 


4 


16 inches and over 


12 to 16 feet 


5 


16 inches and over 


17 to 20 feet 


6 



The smallest cutting allowed must contain 
144 square inches, and it must not be shorter 
than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 1 Common Sap. 

No. 1 Common Sap shall grade the same as 
Red Common, except that sound sap, regardless 
of discoloration, shall not be considered a defect 
in this grade. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common 
Sap, and that will work at least 50% into sound 
cuttings. No piece or cutting can be shorter 
than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and 
must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not 
to be considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound 
cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered 
which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in 
this grade. 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 51 



GUM. 

No. 4 Common. 
No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, cratinpr. etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

SHORTS. 

Lengths: 12 inches and up to 42 inches — in 
multiples of 6 inches. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 1. 

No. 1 will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split 
and two standard defects. In this grade edges 
must be square. 

No. 2. 

No. 2 shall work 50% sound cutting. Wane 
admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and 
one-third the length of the piece on one edge 
or the equivalent on both edges. 

This is to be used for Box Shook or cutting- 
up purposes. 

QUARTER SAWED GUM. 

Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common 
and No. 2 Common. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 
Discolored sap. if sound, admitted. 
No figure required. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 5 inches and over. 

5 inches must be clear. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 
feet and over long, and free from all defects, 
except pieces 8 inches and over wide, which 
will admit one standard defect. 

Seconds are 5 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 15 inches wide, four. 

16 to 17 inches wide, five. 

As widths increase, defects may increase In 
proportion. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



GUM (Quartered). 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted, and to be considered one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 
Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 
Widths: 4 inches and over. 
Pieces 6 feet long must be clear one face up 
to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one 
standard defect. 

Other widths and lengths must work at least 
66 2/3% clear quartered face, as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 
144 square inches, and it must not be shorter 
than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Com- 
mon that will work at least 50% into sound 
quartered cuttings. No piece or cutting can be 
shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 
inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 

Black sap not to be considered a defect in 
this grade. 

GUM, DRESSED OR WORKED. 
General Instructions. 

1. Dressed Gum shall be inspected from the 
best or face side. The reverse side may con- 
tain defective dressing, but no other defects that 
would not go in the grade. 

2. Slightly chipped grain on the face side 
admitted, provided it does not exceed in the 
aggregate 6 inches square in Firsts and Seconds 
8 to 12 inches wide; 10 inches square in Firsts 
and Seconds 13 inches and wider; 12 inches 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 63 

GUM (Dressed or Worked). 

square In No. 1 Common 6 to 12 inches wide, 
and 16 inches square in No. 1 Common 13 inches 
and wider. 

3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, 
such as torn grain, broken knots, mismatched, 
insufficient tongue or groove, shall be considered 
defects and will reduce the grade accordingly. 

4. Partition, ceiling, flooring, or drop siding, 
having less than three-sixteenth inch tongue, 
shall not be admitted in any grade above No. 3. 

5. Wane on the reverse side not exceeding 
one-third the width and running not to exceed 
one-sixth the length of any one piece, provided 
the wane does not extend into the tongue, or 
over one-half the thickness below the groove, 
will be admitted. 

Standard Sizes of Dressed Gum. 

FINISHING, %-inch S2S, 5/16-inch; %-inch 
S2S, 7/16-inch; %-inch S2S, 9/16-inch; lrinch 
S2S, 13/16-inch; 1%-inch S2S, 1 3/32- inches; 
1% inches S2S, 1 11/32 inches; 2 inches S2S 
1% inches. 

CASING AND BASE. Dressed to 13/16-inch 
thick; 3%, 4%, 5%, 6y 2 , 7%, 8%, 9%, and 11% 
inches wide. 

FLOORING AND PARTITION. Dressed to 
13/16-inch thick; 2&, 3&, 4ft, and 5ft inches 
face width. 

Flooring to be S. 2 S. and center matched. 

CEILING, %-inch dressed to 5/16-inch; *&- 
Inch to 7/16-inch; %-inch to 9/16-inch; %-inch 
to 11/16-inch; same widths as partitions. 

Bevel Siding and Weatherboardlng. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

Shall be clear one face and otherwise sound. 
Sound sap without limit admitted. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and 
unsound defects which can be removed in two 
cuts without waste of more than 10% of the 
length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work 
without waste of more than one-third of the 
length of any one piece. 

Drop Siding, Flooring, and Celling. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths 



54 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 

GUM (Dressed or Worked). 

Will allow sound sap without limit, but is 
otherwise without defects. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and 
unsound defects which can be removed in two 
cuts without waste of more than 10% of the 
length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work 
without waste of more than one-third of the 
contents of any one piece. 

Partition. 

No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

Will admit sound sap without limit, but shall 
be otherwise clear both sides. 

No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

May contain imperfections in working and 
other defects which can be removed in two 
cuts without waste of more than 10% of the 
length of any one piece. 

No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- 
mitting 15% of odd lengths. 

Permits all classes of defects, but must work 
without waste of more than one-third of the 
contents of any one piece. 

Finish. 

No. 1 FINISH. Pieces 6 to 7 inches wide are 
clear; pieces 8 to 10 inches may have one stand- 
ard defect; pieces 10 to 12 inches two stand- 
ard defects; pieces 13 inches or over may have 
three standard defects or their equivalent in 
larger defects. (Sound sap is not to be con- 
sidered a defect.) 

No. 2 FINISH. Pieces are calculated to work 
75% clear in not over 3 pieces. Discolored sap, 
unless of an unsound nature, and small pin 
worm holes, are not considered defects. 

Mouldings. 
No. 1. 
Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% of 8, 9, and 10 feet, with not 
to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed 
by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded 
as follows: 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 65 



GUM (Dressed or Worked). 

Discolored sap, if sound, shall be admitted 
without limit; otherwise clear, except slightly 
chipped grain not to exceed one-twelfth the 
length of any one piece. 

No. 2. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and 8 feet, with not 
to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths, thickness and pattern to be governed 
by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded 
as follows: 

No. 2 will include all moulding that will not 
come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 
50% clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. 



BLACK GUM. 

Black Gum is to be inspected according to the 
Rules of Tupelo Gum. 



66 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



BROWN AND WHITE ASH 

General Instructions and the rollowing rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Bright sap is no defect in any grade. 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 
feet and over long, and will admit standard de- 
fects as follows: 

6 and 7 inches wide, none. 
8 inches and pver wide, one. 
Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 

8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 
inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one 
standard defect. 



H. M. A, OF THE U. S. 57 

BROWN AND WHITE ASH. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 
144 square inches, and it must not be shorter 
than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear on one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
50% clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
Inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 
No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrow end, 
and tallied lengths separate on the half and 

even inches. In the event of Beveled Edges, the 
narrow face shall be measured. 



58 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

BROWN AND WHITE ASH. 

Clear Face Strips. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 2^, 3, 3^, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must show one clear face free 
from all defects except bright sap. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2V 2 , 3, 3%, 4, 4V 2 , 5, and 5% inches. 

This grade must work 66 2/3% clear face in 
not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting 
must be considered which is less than 4 feet 
long and the full width of the piece. 



HACKBERRY 
Same as Ash 



E It A. OF TEJ Bf 



CHESTNUT 



-neral Instructions and the following rules 
to govern the inspection. 
Brjght sap is no defect to any | 

bunched so that they w£Q 
not exceed in dama: '.umber of stardard 

oe will be admitted 
■sfdeted 
andard Grades: I Seconds, No. 1 

: 
V " rr. rr. : r. • ■* ' rrr. y ~ and •'•" ' rmy N< 1 r " rr. " : r 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

- ■ 

: 11 -'-:- . "- may be ; I and 1 '■rr*. e.rj 
not to excee ier 10 fe- 

C inch-: 

F rsts shall be 6 inches ax: ~ide, 10 I 

■ ■ 

• : - : • t ; -- z -. - - : - - r .-. 

over long, and will standard delects ax 

I 

- 

- 
14 to 16 inches wide, f 

As widths increase, defects may increase xn 
; r : ; ■: rr; : r. 

exceed one-sixth the length of 

standard defect I ■% of the whole 

in either quality may be so s; 

No. 1 Common. 

L en gths: I ~*d over, admitting 15% of 

-.•11 -r~rr = l'"-. may be I " u 1 I Eeet i:: 

r.:: :: ^ :~1 r " : _r :-: - r>r". 

• ■".!--. 7 4 • : - .-- i- 1 -: 

6- foot lengths most be dear one face up to t 
Inches slie .rr I :-.-_.-.*= Wide wrtM adssH MM 



SO H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CHESTNUT. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12. to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Wormy. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not 
to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 6 feet and 
over long, and will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 12 inches wide, three. 
- 14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one- six ui the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

In addition to above will admit worm holes 
without limit. 



No. 1 Common Wormy. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



M. M. A. OE THE U. S. 61 



CHESTNUT. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face, as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 6 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 6 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 6 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

In addition to above will admit worm holes 
without limit- 
Sound Wormy. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Will admit worm holes without limit, but must 
work at least 66 2/3% into sound cuttings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 2 Common Wormy. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths.: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Will admit worm holes without limit, but must 
work at least 50% into sound cuttings. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches, not narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting ls>% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

No. 3 Common will include all lumber that 
does not come up to the grade of No. 2 Common 
Wormy that can be used for cheap boxing, 
crating, sheathing, etc. 



62 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 



BASSWOOD 



General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection. 

Bright sap is no defect. 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and 
over long, and will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 

8 to 10 inches wide, two. ' 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and not over 20% of the 
whole in either quality may be so split, and to 
be considered as one standard defect. 

No. 1 Common. 

Slightly discolored sap that will dress up 
sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, 
admitted. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
oda lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

"Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 
inches wide, over 8 inches wide will admit one 
standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 63 

BASSWOOD. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square Inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 Inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Discolored sap that will dress up sound ad- 
mitted without limit. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and over must work at least 
50 per cent clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 



64 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



BUCKEYE 



General instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection. 

Bright sap is no defect. 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8_inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and 
over long, and will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 

8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Slightly discolored sap that will dress up 
sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, 
admitted. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. . 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 
inches wide, over 8 inches wide will admit one 
standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 65 



BUCKEYE. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches • 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Black sap that will dress up sound admitted 
without limit. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces- 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
50 per cent clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
cutting. 

No piece or cutting to contain less than 72 
square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that, can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 



66 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WALNUT 






General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern: 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd 
foot lengths. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 
Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 25% 8 
feet and under. 

Widths: 6 Inches and over. 

Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 

6 and 7 -inch widths must be free of defects. 

8 to 12-inch widths will admit one standard 
defect, and 1 inch of bright sap. 

13 inches and over wide will admit two stand- 
ard defects and 2 inches of bright sap. 

Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 

6 and 7-inch widths will admit one standard 
defect and 1 inch of bright sap. 

8 and 9-inch widths will admit two standard 
defects and 1 Inch of bright sap. 

10 and 11-inch widths will admit three stand- 
ard defects and 1 inch of bright sap, or two 
standard defects and 1% inches of bright sap, 
or 2% inches of bright sap. 

12 to 14-inch widths will admit three stand- 
ard defects and 1% inches of bright sap, or two 
standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or 
3 inches of bright sap. 

15 inches and over will admit four standard 
defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or three 
standard defects and 2^ inches of bright sap, 
or 4 inches of bright sap. 

Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted, and considered as one stand- 
ard defect. Split boards limited to 20%. 

Must be graded from the best side. 

The poorest side must not grade lower than 
No. 1 Common. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 67 



WALNUT. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 20% 7 feet and 
under admitted. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Must work 66 2/3% clear black face as fol- 
lows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 4 to 7 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 8 to 10 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 11 feet and over 4 

12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 3 

12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 4 

12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Admits all lumber not up to the grade of No. 
1 Common that will cut 33 1/3% clear black face 
in pieces containing 72 or more square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% 
sound cutting in pieces not less than 72 square 
inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 



68 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CHERRY 

General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern: 

Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd 
lengths. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Open Gum Spots or open streaks are a defect, 
and two of same shall be considered equivalent 
to one standard defect. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. 
Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting j25% 8 
feet and under. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 

6 and 7-inch widths must be free of defects. 

8 to 12-inch widths will admit one standard 
defect, and 1 inch of bright sap. 

13 inches and over wide will admit two stand- 
ard defects and 2 inches of bright sap. 

Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 

6 and 7 -inch widths will admit one standard 
defect and 1 inch of bright sap. 

8 and 9-inch widths will admit two standard 
defects and 1 inch of bright sap. 

10 and 11-inch widths will admit three stand- 
ard defects and 1 inch of bright sap, or two 
standard defects and 1% inches of bright sap, 
or 2y& inches of bright sap. 

12 to 14-inch widths will admit three standard 
defects and \ r k inches of bright sap, or two 
standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or 
3 inches of bright sap. 

15 inches and* over will admit four standard 
defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or three 
standard defects and 2% inches of bright sap, 
or 4 inches of bright sap. 

Splits over 6 inches long, not exceeding one- 
sixth the length of the piece admitted, con- 
sidered as one standard defect. Split boards 
limited to 20%. 

Must be graded from the best side. 

The poorest side must not grade lower than 
No. 1 Common. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 69 

CHERRY. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 20% 7 feet and un- 
der pdmltted. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 4 to 7 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 8 to 10 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 11 feet and over 4 

12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 3 

12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 4 

12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 

No cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 
18 inches long. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and. over. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Admits all lumber not up to the grade of No. 1 
Common that will work 33 1/3% clear face in 
pieces not less than 3 inches wide and 18 inches 
long. 

Gum Spots or streaks no defect in this grade. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% sound 
cutting in pieces not less than 3 inches wide and 
18 inches long. 

Gum Spots or streaks no defect In this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 



70 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 



HICKORY AND PECAN 

General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and 
No. 4 Common. 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any 
grade. 

Bird Peck and Gum streak are to be consid- 
ered. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25%' may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and" 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 4 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

4 to 5 inches, wide, none. 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 

8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, f our. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of 
the piece are to be admitted and considered as 
one standard defect; not over 20% of the whole 
may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 3 inches wide must be clear. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 
8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one 
standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 71 



HICKORY AND PECAN. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 



Widths. 


Lengths. 


No. of Pieces, 


4 to 11 inches 


7 to 11 feet 


2 


4 to 11 inches 


12 to 16 feet 


3 


4 to 11 inches 


17 to 20 feet 


4 


12 to 15 inches 


7 to 11 feet 


3 


12 to 15 inches 


12 to 16 feet 


4 


12 to 15 inches 


17 to 20 feet 


5 


16 inches and over 


7 to 11 feet 


4 


16 inches and over 


12 to 16 feet 


5 


16 inches and over 


17 to 20 feet 


6 



The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
50% clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not 
up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be 
used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. 
Worm holes are not to be considered defects, 
and unsound lumber with sufficient substance 
to hold nails admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



PLAIN SAWED SYCAMORE 






General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and 
No. 4 Common. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 and 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality to be so split. 

Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece 
on the face side is no defect. The reverse side 
may contain sap without limit. 



No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths: 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 
8 inches wide; over 8 Inches wide will admit one 
standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 73 

PLAIN SAWED SYCAMORE. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face, as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches, nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common 
and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- 
tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be 
considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound 
cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered 
which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in 
this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common «mall include all lumber not 
up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be 
used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. 
Worm holes are not to be considered defects 
and unsound lumber with sufficient substance 
to hold nails admitted. 



74 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



QUARTER SAWED SYCAMORE 

General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and 
No. 4 Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long. 

6 to 7 inches wide must be free from all de- 
fects. 

8 inches and over wide will admit one stand- 
ard defect. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

One inch of bright sap is not a defect; each 
additional inch of sap to be considered as one 
standard defect. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 
8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit 
©ne standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 75 



QUARTER-SAWED SYCAMORE. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 Inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed lQ%under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. 

Pieces '5 feet and longer must work at least 
50% clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. » 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shail include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 



76 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



BUTTERNUT 

General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and 
No. 4 Common. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and 
over long, and will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

6 to 7 Inches wide, one. 
8 to 10 inches wide, two. 

11 to 13 inches wide, three. 

14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths Increase, defects may increase In 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece 
on the face side is no defect. The reverse side 
may contain sap without limit. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 
8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit 
one standard defect. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 77 



BUTTERNUT. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
50% clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must work at least 50% sound cut- 
ting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. 

Sound discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 



78 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



MAPLE 

General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any 
grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, Step 
Plank, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 
Common, No. 4 Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over wide. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 inches wide, one. 

7 to 8 inches wide, two. 

9 to 12 inches wide, three. 
13 to 15 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

STEP PLANK. 

Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Com- 
mon. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 10 to 15 inches. 

Thicknesses: 1, 1%, 1Y 2 , and 2 inches. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

(Step Plank) 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade 
and must show one face and one edge practi 
callv free from all defects. The other side and 



• 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 79 

MAPLE. 

other edge may contain sound defects that will 
not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 
10 feet and over long may have one split not 
exceeding 12 inches in length. 

No. 1 Common. 

(Step Plank) 

No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up 
to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be 
used for Step Plank without waste of more than 
one-third of the piece. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long 
by the full width of the piece. 

No. 1 Common. 
Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 

6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as 
follows : 

3 and 4 inches wide, none. 
5 to 9 inches wide, one. 
10 inches and over, two. 

Pieces 3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to 
be clear one face. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

No piece or cutting to be considered which 
Is less than 3 Inches wide or 2 feet long. 
Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common 
and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- 
tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be 
considered a defect in this grade. 



80 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

MAPLE. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound 
cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered 
which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in 
this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

STRIPS. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrowest end 
and tallied lengths separate on the half and even 
inches. In the event of beveled edges the nar- 
row face shall be measured. 

Clear Face Strips. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 2%, 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. 
• Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Each piece must show one face and two edges 
clear. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 10% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2y 2 , 3, ZVz, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap is considered no defect. 

Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in 
not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting 
to be considered which is less than 4 feet long 
by the full width of the piece. 

No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 2y £ , 3, 3%, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Each piece must work at least 50% clear face. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in 
length by the full width of the piece. 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 81 



WHITE MAPLE 

Grades: No 1 and No. 2. 

No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and 
Seconds, except that both sides and both edges 
must be all White. 

No. ? must grade the same as Firsts and 
Seconds, except that one side and two edges 
must be all White. 



82 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



BEECH 






General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any 
grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over wide. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 inches wide, one. 

7 to 8 inches wide, two. 

9 to 12 inches wide, three. 
13 to 15 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, ana 
not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

3 and 4 inches wide, none. 
5 to 9 inches wide, one. 

10 inches and over, two. 

Pieces 3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to 
be clear one face. 






H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 83 



BEECH. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

No piece or cutting to be considered which is 
less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. 
Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 

No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
50% clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches 
wide or 2 feet long. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 
No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

Strips. 

Strips shall be measured at the narrowest end, 
and tallied lengths separate on the even and 

half inches. In the event of Beveled Edges, the 
narrow face shall be measured. 



84 H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 



BEECH. 

Clear Face Strips. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 2Y 2 , 3, 3Y 2 , 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Each piece must show one face and two 
edges clear. 

No. 1 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 2V 2 , 3, ZYz, 4, 4%, 5, and 5^ inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Bright sap is considered no defect in this 
grade. 

Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in 
not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting 
to be considered which is less than 4 feet long 
by the full width of the piece. 

No. 2 Common Strips. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 2 Ms, 3, ZYz, 4, 4Y 2 , 5, and 5% inches. 

Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. 

Each piece must work at least 50% clear 
face. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in 
length by the full width of the piece. 



WHITE BEECH 

Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. 

No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and Sec- 
onds, except that both sides and edges must be 
all White. 

No. 2 must grade the same as Firsts and Sec- 
onds, except that one side and two edges must 
be all White. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 85 



WHITE BIRCH 

General Instructions and. the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Bright sap is considered no defect In any 
grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 

Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 

"Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 

8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 inches wide, one. 

7 to 8 inches wide, two. 

9 to 12 inches wide, three. 
13 to 15 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as 
follows : 

3 and 4 inches wide, none. 
5 to 9 inches wide, one. 

10 inches and over wide, two. 

3 inches wide, 7 feet and over long, to be clear 
one face. 



86 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WHITE BIRCH. 
Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches . 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

No piece or cutting to be considered which is 
less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. 

Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 
No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. 

Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 
50% clear face cutting. 

No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches 
wide or 2 feet long. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Each piece must contain at least 50% sound 
cutting. 

No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 
inches nor narrower than 3 inches and must 
contain 72 square inches. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects, and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 

RED BIRCH. 

Red Birch must be graded the same as White 
Birch, except as follows: 

Firsts and Seconds to be 5 inches and over in 
width. 

Pieces 5 inches wide must show one face alJ 
red. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide must show at 
'east 75% red on one face. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over. 






H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 87 



ELM 



General Instructions and the following rules 
are to govern the inspection: 

Bright sap is considered no defect in any 
grade. 

Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 
Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 
Common. 



Firsts and Seconds (Fas). 

Firsts and Seconds are combined as one 
grade. 

Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. 

Widths: 6 inches and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and will admit standard defects 
as follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, none. 
8 inches and over wide, one. 

Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and 
over long, and will admit standard defects as 
follows: 

6 to 7 inches wide, one. 

8 to 10 inches wide, two. 
11 to 13 inches wide, three. 
14 to 16 inches wide, four. 

As widths increase, defects may increase in 
proportion. 

Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of 
the piece admitted and to be considered as one 
standard defect and not over 20% of the whole 
in either quality may be so split. 

No. 1 Common. 

Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and 
not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 

Widths: 4 inches and over. 

6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 
inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one 
•tandard defect. 



88 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



ELM. 

Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% 
clear face as follows: 

Widths. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 

4 to 11 inches 7 to 11 feet 2 

4 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 3 

4 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 3 

12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 4 

12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 

16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 

16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 

16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 

The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 
square inches, and it must not be shorter than 
18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 



No. 2 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over admitting 15% of 
odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and 
not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that 
will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common 
and that will work at least 50% into sound cut- 
tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 
IS inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must 
contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be 
considered a defect in this grade. 

No. 3 Common. 

Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of 
odd lengths. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound 
cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered 
which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Black sap is not to be considered a defect in 
this grade. 

No. 4 Common. 

No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up 
to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used 
for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm 
holes are not to be considered defects and un- 
sound lumber with sufficient substance to hold 
nails admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 89 



VEHICLE AND WAGON STOCK 



HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 

DEFINITION OF TERMS IN RULES FOR 
GRADING RIMS. 

Very Dense Growth is a growth in which the 
non-porous part of the annual ring covers three- 
quarters of the area of the annual ring, and 
the remaining one-quarter contains a small 
number of pores. 

A Dense Growth is one on which the non-por- 
ous portion of the annual ring occupies at least 
two-thirds the annual rings, and is slightly more 
porous than the very dense growth and accord- 
ingly that timber which contains a less per cent, 
of non-porous growth and a larger per cent, of 
porous growth, is representative of a lower grade 
of timber. 

Blemishes. 

A blemish is that which, while marring the 
appearance of the timber, does not affect the 
strength of the timber. 

(a) Stains. A stain is a discoloration caused 
by improper care or handling, by improper pil- 
ing, and by being left in the weather or on the 
ground during the warm or wet seasons. 

(b) Iron Streaks. An iron streak is sup- 
posed to be caused by the infiltration of foreign 
coloring matter through bird-pecks, and when 
it shows but slightly, apparently does not affect 
the mechanical qualities of the timber. 

Bird Pecks. 

A bird peck is a slight defect caused by the 
bird pecking a hole in and through the bark of 
a tree into which there settles foreign sub- 
stances that discolor the timber, and when 
showing slightly, apparently does not affect the 
quality of the timber. 

Bastard Rim. 
A bastard rim is one in which the growth of 
annual rings do not run parallel to the tread 
of the wheel. 

Cross Grain. 

A cross grain piece of timber Is one in which 
the growth or grain of the timber does not run 
parallel to the center line of the piece. 






90 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 

Sound Knot. 

A sound knot is one in which the wood is as 
solid as the wood surrounding the knot. 

Short Curve or Dip In the Grain or Growth. 

A short curve or dip in the grain or growth is 
a curvature or deflection caused by a knot. 

Snarl. 

A snarl is a twisted grain or growth in the 
wood. 

Grub Holes. 

A grub hole is a hole about one-quarter inch 
in diameter caused by grub worm boring a hole, 
usually lengthwise to the growth of the timber. 

Powder Post. 

A powder post piece of hickory timber is 
caused by a very small worm that continues to 
work in timber after it has been cut, seasoned 
and even manufactured into the finished vehicle. 
While his work does not frequently appear on 
the outside, the inside may be entirely reduced 
to powder — hence the term "powder post." 

Worm Holes. 

A worm hole is a clean, open hole about one- 
sixteenth inch in diameter, and is easily visible, 
caused by a bug usually working in partly sea- 
soned timber. 

Sun Check. 

A sun check is a season check caused in sea- 
soning and usually takes place in the best qual- 
ity of timber. In some instances these checks 
are so very small that they do not impair the 
use or strength of the timber, and should be used 
at least in the lowest grade. 

RIM INSPECTION 

"A" GRADE. 

"A" Grade is the first and highest grade. In 
rim-strips of sizes 1%-inch square and smaller, 
the timber must be all white, of very dense 
growth, straight grain and free from streaks, 
stains and all defects, in sizes larger than 1*£- 
inch the timber may be either all white, or part 
red and part white mixed, of very dense growth, 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 91 



HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 

straight grain and free from streaks, stains and 
all defects. 

The red timber In these large sizes must not 
exceed one-half the size of the stick. 



"B" GRADE. 

"B" Grade is the second grade and must be 
practically straight grain of dense growth. Of 
all white and of red and part white and part red 
timber. The red and part red and part white 
must be fully equal to or better in quality than 
the white in this grade. 

All rim strips in this grade must be free from 
all defects. 



"C" GRADE. 

"C" Grade is the third grade and must be me- 
dium quality of either white, red, or red and 
white mixed timber. This grade will admit of 
timber of good quality not admitted in the "A" 
and "B" grades on account of cross grain, and 
all slight blemishes such as iron streaks and 
stains, but that are equal in strength to the 
clear strips of this grade. 

Cross Grain. The grain shall not run in the 
length of the strip at any place at a greater 
angle than one inch in eighteen. 

Short curves or dips in grain not to be in- 
cluded in this grade 



"D" GRADE. 

"D" Grade is the fourth grade. The timber 
in this grade, although clear and straight grain, 
of white or red, or white and red mixed, is 
of a weight and quality not admitted in higher 
grades. Also strips of high quality of timber 
equal in strength with the straight grain strips 
in this grade, but with blemishes such as iron 
streaks and stains, and defects such as knots 
and bird pecks that are sound, also cross grain, 
provided the grain shall not run in the length 
of the strip at any place at a greater angle than 
one inch in twelve. 

Short curves or dips in the grain with a length 
of less than four inches and more than %-inch 
in depth will not be admitted in this grade. 

Curves running longer than 4 inches and dips 
deeper than %" would be considered ci'oss grain. 



92 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. 

"E" GRADE. 

"E" Grade is the fifth and lowest grade, con- 
sisting of strips that can be used, but such as 
are not admitted in the higher grades on account 
of quality of timber and defects. Strips with 
slight season checks should be used in wheels 
of this grade. 

Strips with defects such as powder post worm 
eaten timber, open defects such as grub holes, 
checks, splits, bird pecks, snarls and otherwise 
unsound, and very brash timber such as has 
practically no fiber and strength will not be 
admitted to this grade. 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 93 

WAGON STOCK 

STANDARD DIMENSIONS. 

The following dimensions given are the sizes 
adopted by this Association for rough materials 
in the green state (unless otherwise specified) 
and are those in common demand by our 
members. 

The star (*) prefixing any size indicates that 
that size is more in demand than the unmarked 
sizes. 

Axles — Hickory. 





(6 feet long.) 




2%x3% 


3%x4& 


•4%x5% 


•3 x4 


*4 x5 


♦5 x6 


*3&x4& 


4 x5% 


5^x6^ 


*3y 2 x4V£ 


4&x5y 4 


6 x7 



GRADING AND INSPECTION RULES. 

No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. 

Adopted by the National Wagon Manufactur- 
ers' Association. 

GRADE. — Live, tough black or shell bark hick- 
ory, cut 6 feet in length, to include all the clear 
and perfect stock. 

Defects as follows admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch 
and which has not developed into a rotting con- 
dition. 

KNOTS. — Four sound pin knots not exceeding 
^4-inch in diameter, or two sound knots %-inch 
in diameter near the center line longitudinally 
on top or side and not over 12 inches of center 
or more than 6 inches of ends. Knots (except 
pin knots) not to be closer than 12 inches apart. 

SPLITS. — On either end, extending not more 
than 6 inches in axle or 3 inches on both ends. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than %-inch 
deep and not more than 12 inches long. 

HEARTS OR HEART RINGS— None. 

SHAKES.— That will plane out with %-inch 
cut. 

WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.— Not 
more than two pin worm holes not nearer than 
C inches to each other. 



94 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WAGON STOCK. 






Not more than two grub holes that will pene- 
trate more than 6 inches at either end of the 
piece. 

BIRD PECKS.— Bird pecks allowed if sound, 
or if unsound, part is not to exceed ^-inch in 
diameter and not over %-inch in depth. 

WANE. — Axles with wane will be measured 
excluding the wane. 

SAP. — Bright sap considered no defect. 

GRAIN. — Grain can cross 3 inches in entire 
length of axle. 

DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not ad- 
mitted can be cut out so as to reduce axle to a 
smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it 
shall be so inspected. 

Hewn axles shall be measured to square to the 
size they are ordered. 

Defects at end of axles that will admit of 
piece working 5 feet 6 inches long will be ad- 
mitted. 



MAPLE AXLES. 

(Sizes same as Hickory.) 

No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. 

(These rules have not been adopted either by 
the wagon manufacturers or mills, but are sug- 
gested as being fair and equitable to both.) 

To be cut from live, tough, hard maple (no 
bird's-eye or curly maple admitted), cut 6-foot 
and 12-foot lengths to include all the clear and 
perfect stock. Defects as follows admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch 
and which has not developed into a rotting con- 
dition. 

KNOTS. — Four sound pin knots not exceed- 
ing ^-inch in diameter, or two sound knots %- 
inch in diameter near the center line longitudin- 
ally on top or side and not over 12 inches of 
center or more than 6 inches of ends. Knots 
(except pin knots) not to be closer than 12 
inches apart. 

SPLITS. — Splits on either end, extending not 
more than 6 inches in the axle or 3 inches on 
both ends. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than %-inch 
deep and not more than 12 inches long. 

HEARTS OR HEART RINGS.— None. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 95 



WAGON STOCK. 

SHAKES.— That will plane out with %-inch 
cut. 

WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.— Not 
more than tv/o pin worm holes not nearer than 
6 inches to each other. Not more than two grub 
holes that will penetrate more than 6 inches at 
either end of the piece. 

BIRD PECKS.— Bird pecks allowed if sound, 
or if unsound, part is not to exceed ^-inch in 
diameter and not over ^4 -inch in depth. 

WANE. — Axles with wane will be measured 
excluding the wane. 

SAP. — Bright sap considered no defect. 

GRAIN. — Grain can cross 3 inches in entire 
length of axle. 

CURLS. — None. 12-foot lengths to be inspect- 
ed as two 6-foot lengths. 

DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not ad- 
mitted can be cut out so as to reduce axle to 
smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it 
shall be so inspected. 

BOLSTERS— Hickory or Oak. 
(Length 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 
3x4 3^x414 3%x5% 

3x4^ 3^x5 4 x5 

3x5 31/2x41/6 4 x6 

3x7 3%x4% 

RULES. 

GRADE — To be cut from good, tough, straight- 
grained oak or hickory (when oak is specified it 
will be understood as being White or Red Oak) 
suitable for wagon material. To be clear and 
perfect stock, excepting the following defects, 
which will be admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch 
and which shows no signs of rot. 

KNOTS. — One sound knot not over %-inch in 
diameter, not more than 12 inches from the 
center of the piece, or 3 sound pin knots not ex- 
ceeding % -inch in diameter located in same 
manner. 

SPLITS.— None. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not more than %-inch 
deep nor more than 12 inches long. 

HEART RINGS.— None. 

SHAKES.— If they can be planed out with 
Vi-inch cut. 



96 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WAGON STOCK. 

WORM HOLES.— Not more than 6 pin worm 
holes in a Bolster, these holes not to be in clus- 
ter or more than 3 holes, 6 inches apart. 

BIRD PECKS.— Allowed if sound. 

WANE. — Will be ■ measured excluding the 
wane. 

SAP. — Bright sap accepted. 
GRAIN. — Grain can cross 2 inches in length of 
Bolster as maximum. 

DEFECTS REMOVABLE.— If defects not ad- 
mitted can be cut out so as to reduce Bolster to 
a smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it 
shall be so inspected. 

SAND BOARDS— Hickory or Oak. 
(Length, 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 

2%x3i,2 *3 x4 31/2x4% 

3 x3y 2 314x3% »4 x5 

•31/2x4 

RULES. 

(Same as Bolsters.) 

REACHES— Hickory or Oak. 



•2 x4 

2 x4i/ 2 

214x41/2 
*2i/ 2 x4y 2 
2%x5 


8' and 10' 

8' and 10' 

10', 12' and 14' 

10', 12' and 14' 

10', 12' and 14' 

RULES. 


long 
long 
' long 
long 
long 



GRADE. — To be cut from good, tough, straight 
grained Oak or Hickory (when Oak is specified 
it will be understood as being White or Red 
Oak), suitable for wagon material. To be clear 
and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS 
HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, 
SHAKES, BIRD PECKS, or WANE. Bright 
Sap accepted. The following defects will be 
admitted: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch 
and which shows no signs of rot. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not over %-inch deep or 
12 inches long. 

WORM HOLES.— Not more than 6 pin worm 
holes in a Reach, these holes not to be in clus- 
ters of more than 3 holes, 6 inches apart. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 97 

WAGON STOCK. 

POLES— Ash or Oak. 

(For Drop Poles.) 

•2^x4 x4 x4 —12' 
2%x4%x4&x4%— 12' 

(For Stiff Poles.) 
2V 2 x2V2x2y 2 x5 —12' 
2%x2%x2%x5 —12' 
3 x3 x3 x5 —12' 
314x3^x3^4x5 —12' 

RULES. 

GRADE.— To be cut from good, tough, 
straight-grained oak or ash (when oak is speci- 
fied, it will be understood as being White or Red 
Oak), suitable for wagon material. To be clear 
and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, 
HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, 
SHAKES or BIRD PECKS. Bright Sap accept- 
ed. The following defects will be admitted: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch 
and which shows no signs of rot. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not over % -inch deep or 
12 inches long. 

WORM HOLES.— Not more than 6 pin worm 
holes in a Pole, these holes not to be in clusters 
of more than 3 holes, 6 inches apart. 

EVEN ERS— Hickory. 

2x4 4' 2" long 2%x4% 4' 6" long 

2x4% 4' 2" long 2^x5 4' 6" long 

RULES. 

GRADE. — To be cut from good, tough 
straight-grained Hickory suitable for wagoi 
material. To be clear and perfect stock, fret 
from KNOTS. SPLITS. HEARTS, GRUE 
HOLES, HEART RINGS. SHAKES, WORM 
HOLES, or WANE. The following defects are 
admissible: 

STAIN. — Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch 
and which shows no signs of rot. 

SEASON CHECKS.— Not over ^4-inch deep or 
12 inches long. 

WORM HOLES.— None. 

BRIGHT SAP.— No objection. 

BIRD PECKS— Sound bird pecks admitted. 



98 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK. 

TURNED SINGLETREES. 

Oval Diameters. 

At Center. At Ends. Lengths. 

Light 2 "x2%" -l%"xl%" 34" and 36" long 

Medium 2V4"x2%" l%"xl%" 34" and 36" long 

Heavy 2%"x3 " I%"x2 " 36" long 

TURNED NECK YOKES. 

Diameters. 

At Center. At Ends. Lengths. 

Light 2W 1%" 40" and 44" long 

Medium 2%" l%" 40", 44" and 48" long 

Heavy 3 " 2 " 44" and 48" long 

No adopted rules for grading single trees and 

neck yokes, but stock must be absolutely clear 

and made from young, tough hickory. 

SAWED FELLOES— Oak. 

(26 pieces to set.) 
The sizes given are for green felloes cut full. 
Sizes most Common. 
I%x2% 2%x2% 2%x3 

•2 x2% 3&x2% 3*4x3 

2^x2% 2^4x3 4y 2 x3 

Circles 2' 11" and 3' 6"; 3' 2"- and 3' 10"; 3' 
6" and 4' 2". 

RULES. 

GRADE — Sound white or red oak, free from 
knots and also other defects, except that 1/16- 
inch stain will be allowed if said stain shows 
no sign of rot. Must be manufactured so that 
grain will run straight through center of each 
piece. Cut full sizes and proper circles. 

BENT RIMS. 

(8 pieces to set.) 

The sizes given are for green rims. 

Sizes most Common. 

l%xl% 3 x2 4^4x2*4 

2 x2 3^4x2% 5 x2 

2%x2 4 x2 5^4x2*4 

Circles 3' 2" and 3' 10"; 3' 6" and 4' 2"; 3* 10" 
and 4' 6". 

GRADE. 
Wagon Manufacturers' Grade. 
(To replace what was formerly XXX.) 
These rules agreed upon jointly by the Wagon 
and Rim Manufacturers, November 21, 1906. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 99 

WAGON STOCK. 

MATERIALS.— Oak (any desirable species). 

QUALITY. — Clear and straight-grained, but 
not excluding reasonably straight, the grain not 
to cross the rim in a less distance than 24 inches"; 
to be sound, free from bark, wane, checks, (ex- 
cept checks on tread side), shakes, splits, knots 
and worm holes, but admitting not more than 
three small, sound knots, not more than %-inch 
in diameter on tread side; also, small worm holes 
not closer than 6 inches apart. Not over 15 per 
cent, of any shipment of rims shall be with 
knots or worm holes as above specified. 

WORKMANSHIP. — Planed on top and bottom 
sides; no skips, tears or imperfect planing. 
Bending to be on the true circle of diameter spec- 
ified. To be free from flats or humps, kinks, 
breaks or buckles, and no straight or drop ends. 



WHITE OAK WAGON SPOKES. 
(Wagonmakers' Grades.) 

RULES. 

Second Growth Grade. 

MATERIAL. — Spokes of this grade are to be 
made from first quality timber, practically clear 
and straight grained, of heavy weight and very 
dense growth that will indicate the very great- 
est strength. 

Defects. 

CHECKS. — Small fine season checks not to 
exceed two inches in length and not running in- 
to the shoulder admitted. 

SPLITS.— None admitted. 

CROSS GRAIN.— Grain which does not run at 
a greater angle at any one point than one inch in 
twenty-four inches admitted. Curly spokes are 
considered cross-grained and not admitted. 

KNOTS. — Spokes having knots will not be ad- 
mitted, but spokes showing a small sound spot 
having the appearance of a knot, but which is 
only a surface blemish, will be admitted. 

SAP. — Half Sap that is bright and sound ad- 
mitted. 

BASTARD.— Not more than % bastard will be 
admitted. 

OTHER DEFECTS. — Evident defects not 
above enumerated not admitted. 



100 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK. 

"A" GRADE. 

MATERIAL.— Spokes of this grade are to be 
made from live timber of dense growth, good 
weight, practically clear and straight-grained. 

Defects. 

CHECKS. — Small, fine, season checks not to 
exceed two inches in length and not running into 
the shoulder admitted. 

SPLITS.— None admitted. 

CROSS GRAIN.— Grain which does not run at 
a greater angle at any one point than one inch 
in twenty inches will be admitted. Spokes re- 
duced from the second growth grade by reason 
of cross grain will be admitted in this grade 
when the grain does not cross at a greater angle 
than one inch in eighteen inches. Curly spokes 
are not admitted. 

KNOTS.— Knots will not be admitted, but 
spokes showing a small sound spot having the 
appearance of a knot, but which is only a sur- 
face blemish will be admitted. 

SAP. — Half Sap that is bright and sound ad- 
mitted, but when of the second growth grade or 
very dense growth reduced by reason of having 
too much bright sap, will be admitted to the 
extent of two-thirds bright sap. 

BASTARD. —Not more than half bastard will 
be admitted. 

DIPS. — Spokes having dips not more than one 
in a spoke and located anywhere except at 
shoulder or tenon admitted, provided such dip is 
not more than ^4-inch in depth and not less 
than four inches in length. 

OTHER DEFECTS. — Evident defects not 
above enumerated not admitted. 

"B" GRADE. 

MATERIAL. — Spokes of this grade are to be 
made from timber of a weight and growth that 
will indicate fairly good strength. 

Defects. 
CHECKS. — Small, fine, season checks, not to 
exceed two inches in length and not running into 
the shoulder admitted. 

SPLITS.— None admitted. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 101 

WAGON STOCK. 

CROSS GRAIN.— Grain which does not run at 
a greater angle at any one point than one inch 
in sixteen inches admitted. Spokes reduced 
from the second growth grade because of exces- 
sive cross grain, but in which the grain does not 
run at a greater angle at any one point than 
one inch in fourteen inches, admitted. 

Spokes reduced from the "A" grade for 
cross grain will be admitted to this grade if 
grain does not run at a greater angle than one 
inch in fifteen inches. 

KNOTS.— Knots will not be admitted, but 
spokes showing a small sound spot having the 
appearance of a knot, but which is only a sur- 
face blemish, will be admitted. 

Spokes reduced from the second growth and 
"A" grades having one sound knot not over 
y%, inch in diameter, showing only on one side 
and not within five inches of either end of the 
spoke, admitted here. 

SAP.— Half Sap that is bright and sound will 
be admitted. 

Bright all sap spokes of second growth grade 
admitted. 

Spokes from "A" grade having three -fourths 
nap admitted. 

BASTARD.— Not more than half bastard will 
be admitted. 

Spokes of second growth grade will be admit- 
ted in this grade where full bastard. 

Spokes of "A" grade will be admitted in this 
grade where three fourths bastard. 

DIPS. — Will be admitted in this grade where 
not more than one in a spoke and located any- 
where except at shoulder or tenon, provided such 
dip is not more than *4 inch in depth and not 
less than four inches in length. 

WORM HOLES.— Black and pin worm holes 
in either second growth or "A" grades of tim- 
ber will be admitted here to the extent of not 
more than three in any spoke, but these must 
not be bunched. Powder post worm holes not 
admitted. 

OTHER DEFECTS.— Evident defects not 
above enumerated not admitted. 

MANUFACTURE. 
The following suggestions are made to the 
manufacturers of spokes, which, if heeded, will 
not only result in more perfect product, but re- 
move the cause of much dispute and dissatis- 
faction : 



102 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK. 

It Is shown that there is a great deal of com- 
plaint on account of poorly manufactured spokes, 
such as tearing in the barrel by the lathe 
knives or by the adjustment of the knives not 
being in line making thick and thin places along 
the barrels; the grain pulled out; also, rough 
machine work in the throat, or on the tenon, 
by which the corners may be chipped off, the 
tenon not even thickness and not in the center 
of the spoke. There should also be great care 
taken in the facing of spokes, so that the face 
and the back are square with the tenon, and 
not diamond shapes, as is so frequently the case. 
Spokes should also be well sanded with a view 
of having them clean and smooth. 

It should also be understood that all spokes 
made under the foregoing rules will be branded 
only "Second Growth," "A" and "B" respect- 
ively, and that in no case will the spoke manu- 
facturer brand these grades higher or lower than 
they will inspect under these rules nor will the 
wagon manufacturer request it. No restriction, 
however, is put upon the use of special brands. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



103 



SPECIFICATIONS FOR FINISHING 
OAK SPOKES FROM DRY STOCK 



WESTERN REGULAR AND 
WIDE POINT PATTERN 


CALIFORNIA PATTERN 


CO 

n" 

a 

o 

►-» 

CO 

O 
& 


: ° 


H 

O 3 

3 (D 

: a> 

: o 


? o 


*5 

o ^ 
: o 

5 M> 


H 

2 c 

: ca 
• ca 

: ° 


f 

: ° 


Allowance 
for Shrink- 
age Half- 
Dry Stock.. 


1)4 


1 9 


ft 


1% 








A* 


1% 


Hi 


ii 

IB 


1% 








Af 


1% 


1*1 


% 


2 








A* 


1% 


1H 


13 


2K 








i 

13 


2 


2A 


11 


2K 


2A 


% 


2K 


A 


2K 


2- 3 „ 


ie 


2% 


2t 3 5 


1 E 
IS 


2K 


i 

13 


2K 


2t 5 b 


% 


2K 


2A 


if 


2% 


1 
13 


2% 


2t 7 b 


15 


2% 


9 7 


1 


2K 


1 
T3 


IVi 


2/b 


1 


2% 


2A 


1A 


3 


A 


2% 


m 


1A 


2K 


2J| 


1A 


3K 


iU 


2% 


2ii 


IK 


3 


21 § 


IK 


3K 


A* 


2% 


211 


IK 


3K 


2}g 


IK 


3% 


Af 


3 


3A 


li 3 s 


3K 


«»A 


i'A 


3K 


A* 


3K 


IK 


3% 


3A 


IK 


3% 


A* 


3K 


3i 9 s 


i ; K 


3K 


9 

°ia 


1% 


4 


A* 



Note:— 'f" signifies full size. 



104 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



WAGON STOCK. 

TENONING.— Make the tenon even thickness 
throughout, and in the center of barrel and 
straight with the face. Dish the shoulder so 
that when two spokes are placed face to face 
about y& inch apart at the shoulder and the 
points touching the shoulders will come to a 
straight line so that a common rule placed flat 
on the tenons, the edge of the rule should touch 
the shoulders all the way across both spokes. 

The above specifications for thickness of 
tenons are for thoroughly dry stock. When half 
dry, add allowance given; for entirely green 
stock, add double this allowance. 

THROATING.— Make the shoulder the same 
thickness as the barrel. Shape the knives to 
make the throat about y s inch thinner than the 
barrel; also make the throat a little full near 
the shoulder to give strength and prevent split- 
ting off in driving. Shape the forms or cams to 
make the throat rounding, so the face and back 
will not be too large, but well proportioned. The 
back must be proportionately wider than the 
face. Adjust machine to make shoulder straight 
(neither rounding at the corners, nor hollow in 
the center). Care should be taken to make both 
sides of the throat the same shape. 

FACING OR JOINTING.— Take measurements 
for width of tenon at the shoulder. Face the 
spok3 as nearly as possible to a straight line 
from the point end to the tenon end, and back 
the spoke as nearly as possible to a straight line 
from the point end to the shoulder. Taper the 
back of tenon on a straight line from the shoul- 
der to the end, so the tenon will measure 1/16 
inch less in width at the end (where it enters the 
hub) than at the shoulder. 

The above specifications for width of tenons 
are for thoroughly dry stock. When half dry, 
add allowance given; for entirely green stock, 
add double this allowance. 

ALLOWANCE FOR SHRINKAGE. —For 
«pokes turned from stock from six to eight 
months old, and spokes turned from green stocks 
that have been under shed for three or four 
months, may be considered half dry, for which 
allowance is given above. For green stock, dou- 
ble this allowance. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



105 



SPECIFICATIONS FOR TURNING 

STANDARD WESTERN PATTERN and WIDE POINT CLUB SPOKES 

FROM DRY AND GREEN STOCK 



CO 

ts' 


an 

o 

"It 


SIZE OF 
HEAD 


SIZE OF 

BARRET, 


SIZE OF KEG- 
ITLAR POINT 


SIZE OF 
WIDE POINT 


O 




a 5 


Hi 




Si 




i 

6* 


§3 

DO O 
XT. ^ 


Green 


6% 


1M 
111 


iK 
1 3 

'ill 

134 


1 7 1 i 
'iff .MB 

IK ik 

1ft IK 
1% 'ift 


1^8 , 1ft 
W IK 

ift j iK 

1 3 f 13 






Drj ' 1% 

Green 


6% 






Dry m 

Green 


7 


1 IB 

'in 

2 
2% 


IK 

i s 

MS 

J til 

1 E 
1%* 


l%fllft 
iHfiK 


lftf 

IK 
IK 


1ft 

1 iK 






Dry i% 

Green 


->Vs 


llffiftf 


iK 
lftf 






Dry 2 

Green 


.?K 


2ft 

2% 


i% 
HI 


'K 
fftf 


iy 4 f 

ift 


iK 
lftf 


iK 


IK 
lftf 


Green 


r% 


2ft 
2%f 


1% 
lftf 


2 
2ft 


1ft 

l%f 


ift 
lftf 


ift 
i%f 


i-K 


ift 

i%f 


Dry 2V 4 
Green 


?K 


2ft 

2V 2 f 


1 7 

Mo 

1 9 

Me 


2K 

9 3 

-IG 


1% 
IK 


'10 


i% 

IK 


Hi 

i% 


J?8 

iK 


Green 


<% 


2ft 
2%f 


IK 

1 5 K 


234 
2ft 


J ft 
1ft 


1ft 

IK 


ift 
ift 


i'K 
HI 


i * 

MB 
1ft 


Green 


'% 


2& 
2%f 


1 9 
Me 

1 i i 
'iff 


2% 

-111 1 


iy 2 


iK 

i i 9 ,i 


l 5 K 


i% 
HI 

MB 


iK 
i% 


Dry,,, 
Green 


'Vs 


2if 

2%f 


1% 

1H* 


2^ Uft 

zftfi-Hi 


1 i4 

J in 


1ft 

M 6 ' 


2 

2ft 


ift 

H B f 


Green 


8 


3ft 




2% 
2»f 




III 
1% 


in 

J IS 

1-llf 


2K 
2ft 


i 1 1 
11! f 


Green 


§K 


3ft 
3ft 


in 

1 I 5 f 

1 16 ' 


2'K 
2J|* 


1^4 


2 
') 1 


i-K 
i%f 


2K 
2ft f 


I'K 
iKf 


Dry 3 
Green 


»K 


3ft 
3/- 


1 ra 
2% 


2% 

3. 


HI 

2 


2K 
2ft f 


ill 

2 


2K 
2ft f 


2 


"7* 

Green 


SH 


3ft 

■M.i 


2ft 


*K 


2% 


2% 

2ft f 


HI 

2K 


2% 

2ftf 


111 

2K 


1>ry s* 

Gr< en 


s*4 


'-' 1 3 
Ol 3 


< •■ 


3% 
3H 


2 

O 3 

Mrt 


2K 
2ft f 


2 
2ft 


2K 
2ftf 


2 

9 3 



Note:— "f" signifies full size. 



106 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

WAGON STOCK. 

TOTAL LENGTH OF HEAD AND THROAT— 
Make exact length to figures given from head 
end to where throat and barrel knives lap, the 
head or square must be at least of ample length 
for tenon. 

SIZE OF HEAD. — Make measurement about 
where shoulder will be when tenoned. 

SIZE OF BARREL.— Make measurement just 
below where barrel and throat knives lap. Make 
hinds exact width as figures given. Front spokes 
having more taper should be made 1/16 inch less 
in width of barrel. 

SIZE OF POINT.— Measurement to be made % 
inch from point end of all lengths. From face to 
back is to be considered the wide way. 

REGULAR LENGTHS.— Fronts, all sizes, 22 
inches long; hinds,' all sizes, 2y 2 inches and 
under, 26 inches long; all sizes, 2% inches and 
ever, 28 inches long. 

The above specifications for Dry are intended 
for thoroughly dry stock at least twelve months 
or more old: and for Green are intended for 
entirely green stock. When stock is half dry, 
say six months old, allow for shrinkage about 
half the difference between dry and green speci- 
fications. When not quite dry, make a little full 
of Dry Specifications. When not quite green, 
make a little scant of Green Specifications. 

Keep your lathe knives adjusted to a straight 
line so the spoke will be of even thickness from 
the point to the throat. 

Adopted by Spoke Manufacturers' Association 
December 20. 1906. 

Revised March 25, 1908. 

Adopted by the National Wagon Manufactur- 
ers' Association April 28, 1909. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 107 



HARDWOOD DIMENSION MATERIAL 

OAK CHAIR AND FURNITURE STOCK. 

All pieces must be taken as they are manu- 
factured, and no allowance made to change 
grade by re-manufacture. All stock to be of 
practically uniform thickness and width, to be 
full thickness and width when dry. Any amount 
of bright sap admissible in all Chair and Furni- 
ture Dimension Stock. Seat Stock to have one 
clear face and two ends; no defect admissible In 
edges that will show after jointing. 

Chair Frame Stock to have one clear face, 
both ends, and both edges. 

Table Tops take same inspection as Seat 
Stock. Squares for turning shall contain no de- 
fect that will not turn out. Squares for dress- 
ing up and to be used as squares must be clear 
on all edges and ends that show. 

Chair Backs that show on two sides must be 
clear both sides, both edges, and both ends; 
all Quartered Oak must show -figure on one face. 
No badly discolored or doty sap admissible in 
any of the above stock. 

All band sawed pattern stock to show four 
clear sides unless contract is made to contrary 
setting forth that defects may be permitted on 
any one or more sides. 

IMPLEMENT STOCK. 

Plow Handle Strips must be practically 
straight-grained, and clear of all defects, except 
slight streaks and small bird pecks, or small 
bright knots located so as not to interefere with 
the bending of the piece or its strength. 



108 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CUBAN MAHOGANY 

Grades: Prime, Selects, Rejects, Shorts and 
Counters. 

Lengths: 2 feet and over. 
Widths: 3 inches and over. 
Thicknesses: Standard. 
All odd lengths must be measured. 

Prime. 

Prime must be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet 
and over long, not to exceed 25% of 8 and 9-foot 
lengths. 

Standard defects are admitted according to 
widths as follows: 

6 or 7 inches, 1 standard defect or its equiva- 
lent. 

8 or 9 inches, 2 standard defects or their 
equivalent. 

10 or 11 inches, 3 standard defects or their 
equivalent. 

12 inches or over, 4 standard defects or their 
equivalent. 

Selects. 
Selects may be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet 
and over long, and must work two-thirds clear, 
with no cutting less than 4 inches wide and 3 
feet long, or S inches wide and 4 feet long. 

Rejects. 
Rejects must be 3 inches and over wide, 6 feet 
and over long, and must work 50% clear. No 
piece or cutting considered which is less than 
4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide 
and 3 feet long. 

Shorts. 

Shorts must be 3 inches and over wide, 2 to 7 
feet long, and must be prime in quality. 

Pieces 3, 4 and 5 inches wide must be clear. 

Pieces 6 inches and over wide must be graded 
same as Prime. 

Counters. 
Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 16 to 24 
inches wide. Splits to be measured out. 

Clear Strips. 
Clear Strips must be 2% to 5*6 inches wide, 5 
feet and over long, clear of defects on one fac« 
and two edges. Reverse face must be sound. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 109 



MEXICAN AND AFRICAN MAHOGANY 



Grades: First, Second, No. 1 Common, No. 2 
Common, Shorts and Counters. 

Lengths: 2 feet and over. 

Thicknesses: Standard. 

Widths: 3 inches and over. 

AH odd lengths must be measured. 

One inch of bright sap in the aggregate is a 
standard defect. 

The percentage of Firsts in the combined 
grade of Firsts and Seconds to be as follows: 

Mexican Mahogany — Not less than 40 per cent. 

African Mahogany — Not less than 35 per cent. 

Firsts. 

Firsts must be 7 inches and over wide, 10 feet 
and over long, and free from all defects, except 
that pieces 10 feet and over surface measure 
may have one standard defect or its equivalent. 

Seconds. 

Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide. 
Standard defects are admitted according to 
surface measure as follows: 

6 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 
9 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 
13 feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 
18 feet and over, 4 standard defects or their 
equivalent. 

No. 1 Common. 

No. 1 Common must be 4 inches and over 
wide, 6 feet and over long. 

Pieces 4 inches wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must 
work 66 2/3% clear in not over two pieces; 12 
feet and over long must, work 66 2/3% clear in 
not over three pieces. No piece or cutting to be 
less than 2 feet long by the full width of the 
piece. 

Pieces 5 inches and over wide, 6 to 11 feet 
long, must work 66 2/3% clear in not over two 
pieces; 12 feet and over long must work 66 2/3% 
clear in not over three pieces. No piece of cut- 
ting to be considered which is less than 4 inches 
wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet 
long. 

No. 2 Common. 

No. 2 Common must be 3 inches and over 
wide. 1 feet and over long, and must work 50% 



110 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

MEXICAN AND AFRICAN MAHOGANY 

clear. No piece or cutting considered which Is 
less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. 

Shorts. 

Shorts must be 4 inches and over wide. 2 to 5 
feet long. 

Pieces 4 to 5 inches wide must be clear. 

In pieces 6 inches and over standard defects 
are admitted according to surface measure as 
follows: 

2 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 

4 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 

5% feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 

6^ feet and over, 4 standard defects or their 
equivalent. 

Counters. 

Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 18 to 24 
inches wide, and must be free from all defects. 
Splits to be measured out. 






H. M. A. OF THE U. S. Ill 



RULES FOR THE MEASUREMENT 
AND INSPECTION OF LOGS 

Issued January 19, 1915, by Southern IyOg 
Association, Memphis, Tenn., and adopted 
July 9, 1915, by the Hardwood Manufacturers' 
Association of the United States as its Standard 
Rules. 

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR MEASURING 
AND GRADING LOGS. 

The inspecting or grading of a log is necessar- 
ily a matter of judgment in determining from 
the outside appearance of the log the serious- 
ness of its defects, and its adaptability for lum- 
ber of different grades, or for other purposes. 

In determining the grade of a log, the entire 
surface (which includes both ends) must be 
taken into consideration, and inspectors must 
use their best judgment in determining the seri- 
ousness of each and every defect in and on the 
log. 

On account of knots and other defects fre- 
quently being under the log, imbedded in the 
ground, or hidden from view between logs which 
are closely bulked, inspectors will put all line 
logs, or logs on which there is a reasonable 
question as to grade, into the lower grade with 
which it is in question. 

Standard lengths shall be 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, 
60 per cent, or more to be 14 and 16 feet, and not 
over 2 per cent, to be 10 feet long. 

All logs must be cut 4 inches longer than the 
above lengths to allow for the proper trimming 
of the lumber. 

All logs must be measured at the small end, 
the narrow way, inside the bark, and all frac- 
tions of an inch must be called back to the next 
lower figure. Deductions must be made from 
the above measurements for certain defects as 
hereinafter stated. 

All logs should be straight, or due allowance 
must be made in grade and measure for crooked 
logs. 

An allowance is to be made in the measure- 



112 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



GRADING LOGS. 

merit of hollow logs to fully compensate for the 
loss in lumber scale. 

A No. 1 log shall not twist .more than one inch 
to every foot in the length of the log. 

Damaged sap is a serious defect and must be 
considered in determining the grade. Doty or 
rotten sap is to be measured off regardless of 
the grade of the log. N 

Grub worm holes, spots, spot worms, bark 
specks, pecks, mineral streaks, dote and cat 
faces are very serious defects. The appearance 
of any of the above mentioned defects on the 
surface of a log is practically conclusive evi- 
dep.ce of its existence within the entire log, and 
inspectors must carefully take them into consid- 
eration in determining' the grade. On account 
of the uncertainty of the quantity of such hid- 
den defects, they are each to be considered as 
much or more damaging than a sound knot, 
especially when they appear on both ends of the 
log. 

A reduction is to be made in measurement or 
grade, or both, for loose-hearted or shaky- 
hearted logs; or for logs which have popped 
open or split open on the ends. 

Double-heart is a very serious defect, and 
same is not admitted in the grade of No. 1 logs, 
unless both hearts can fully be inclosed in a 
6-inch circle on logs 24 to 29 inches, inclusive, in 
diameter; and an 8-inch circle on logs 30 inches 
and over in diameter; and in any case inspectors 
will take into consideration the seriousness of 
the defect in determining the grade. 

Bulges and irregularities on the bark surface 
of a log are practically conclusive evidence of 
some hidden serious defect and are to be given 
careful consideration by the inspector in grading 
the log. 

Ring shake is a very serious defect and in- 
spectors will carefully consider same according 
to its extent and damage, both for grade and 
measurement. 

On No. 1 and Select logs, where the heart is 
more than two inches out of center, one stand- 
ard defect will be counted for each additional 
two inches or fraction thereof. 

All stump shot or shivered logs are to be 
matched sawn, making the ends smooth. 

It is understood that a run of logs is to con- 
tain the full amount of good logs which the 
standing timber will produce, and that no large 
nor high-grade logs are to be separated from 
the run of logs. 

The standard of measure for a standard de- 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 113 

GRADING LOGS. 

feet will be a sound bright knot with a maxi- 
mum diameter of not more than 4 inches. Where 
the rules call for its equivalent, it is understood 
to mean its equivalent in damage to the 
product of the log, and NOT its equivalent 
in size; for instance, a grub worm hole will be 
considered as serious as a standard knot, and 
may be considered as more serious according to 
the inspector's judgment as to their existence 
within the log. 

Any defects not mentioned in these rules are 
to be considered by the inspector according to 
their damage to the log. 

These rules describe the poorest logs in any 
grade, but the respective grades must contain 
all logs up to the next higher grade. 

Where the rules mention the amount of sap a 
grade will take, it is understood that the meas>» 
urement of the sap is to be taken in the average 
from the inside of the bark to the heart wood; 
sap to be measured on small end of log. 

The size of a log after deductions are made 
for defects is to govern in grading same. 



OAK— WHITE AND RED. 

Number 1. 

Two inches of bright sap is no defect. Sap in 
excess of 2 inches is one standard defect. 

No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one 
standard defect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard 
defects or their equivalent. 



Select. 

Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

Two inches of bright sap is no defect. Sap in 
excess of two inches is one standard defect. 

18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and 
surface clear. 

22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard 
defect or its equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more stand- 
ard defect than is admitted in No. 1 logs of 
same size. 



114 H. M. A. OF THB U. S. 

GRADING LOGS. 

Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 

16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two 
standard defects or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more 
in No. 1 Common and Better lumber. 

Note — It is understood that Overcup logs arc 
not included with purchases of White Oak logs, 
unless special agreement is made in writing to 
include same. 



WHITE ASH. 
Bright sap is no defect in any grade. 

Number 1. 






No. 1 logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, must have ends and 
surface clear. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one 
standard defect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two stand- 
ard defects or their equivalent. 



Select. 

Select logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

16 and 17-inch must have ends and surface 
clear. 

18-inch and over will admit of one more 
standafd defect than is admitted in No. 1 logs 
of same size. 



Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 14 inches and over in dia- 
meter, and must cut 75 per cent, or more into 
No. 1 Common and Better lumber. 

Note — It is understood that soft or pumpkin 
Ash logs are not included with purchases of 
White Ash logs, unless a special agreement is 
made in writing to include same. 



H. M. A. OP THE U. S. 115 

GRADING LOGS. 

YELLOW POPLAR AND CYPRESS. 

Number 1. 

No. 1 logs must be 24-inch and over in dia- 
meter. 

Two inches of bright sap is no defect in 24 to 
29-inch, inclusive. 

Three inches of bright sap is no defect in 
30-inch and over. 

Each additional inch of bright sap is Qjie 
standard defect. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one 
standard defect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard 
defects or their equivalent. 

Select. 

Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 

18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and 
surface clear. 

22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more stand- 
ard defect than is admitted in a No. 1 log of 
the same size. 

Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 

16 and 17 -inch will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two 
standard defects or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more 
in No. 1 Common and Better lumber in Poplar, 
and 75 per cent, or more in No. 1 Shop and Bet- 
ter in Cypress. 

Note 1 — Mineral streaks and blue wood in 
Poplar are very serious defects. 

Note 2 — Peck and shake in Cypress are very 
serious defects. 



116 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 

GRADING LOGS. 
RED GUM. 

Number 1. 

No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

Three inches of sap is no defect in 24 to 29- 
inch, inclusive. 

Four inches of sap is no defect in 30-inch and 
over. 

Each additional inch of sap is one standard 
defect. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one 
standard defect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard 
defects or their equivalent. 



Select. 

Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

Sap is no defect in this grade. 

18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and 
surface clear. 

22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more 
standard defect than is admitted in a No. 1 log 
of the same size. 



Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 16-inch and over in dia- 
meter. 

Sap is no defect in this grade. 

16 and 17 -inch will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

18 to 23 -inch, inclusive, will admit of two 
standard defects or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more 
in No. 1 Common and Better lumber. 

Note — Discoloration of sap on ends ef Gum 
logs must be accepted, provided stain is not suf- 
ficient to lower the grades of the produet. 



H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 117 

GRADING LOGS. 

COTTONWOOD, ELM, MAPLE, BASSWOOD, 
TUPELO AND BLACK GUM. 

Bright sap is no defect in any grade. 

Number 1. 

No. 1 logs must be 24 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

24 to 29-inch, inclusive, will admit of one 
standard defect or its equivalent. 

30-inch and over will admit of two standard 
defects or their equivalent. 

Select. 

Select logs must be 18 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

18 to 21-inch, inclusive, must have ends and 
surface clear. 

22 and 23-inch will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

24-inch and over will admit of one more stand- 
ard defect than is admitted in a No. 1 log of the 
same size. 

Number 2. 

No. 2 logs must be 16 inches and over in dia- 
meter. 

16 and 17-inch will admit of one standard de- 
fect or its equivalent. 

18 to 23-inch, inclusive, will admit of two 
standard defects or their equivalent. 

24-inch and over must cut 75 per cent, or more 
in No. 1 Common and Better lumber. 

HICKORY, PERSIMMON AND SYCAMORE. 

These woods are usually bought for specific 
uses and therefore it is deemed best that mutual 
inspection or special contract should govern. 



118 H. M. A. OF THE U. S. 



CYPRESS AND TUPELO 

The Grading Rules of the Southern Cypress 
Manufacturers' Association, New Orleans, L,a., 
have been adopted by the Hardwood Manu- 
facturers' Association of the United States and 
copies will be furnished free of charge upon 
application . 



Official Symbols for Grade Marks 

of the 

Hardwood Manufacturers' Associatioi 

of the United States. 

Panel a "° W/de /yp/.Q 
W/de HP 2. 
Box Boards 

fi\S 0l> ^ ff STS if Seconds 

Saps 
Selects 
//?/. Common. 
SVP2. Common. 
/VP3. Common. 
/V94. Common. 



UNIVERSAL IDARO LOG SCALE. 

OFFICIAL SCALE OF 

Ttke Hardwood Manfrs.' Ass*!!, of the United Steles, 




2fclu 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



017 110 985 1* 



Additional 
Copies may be had 
by applying to the 

iardWood manufacturers' 
association of the u. s. 

First National Bank Building 
CINCINNATI. OHIO 



Kindly remit 10 cents 

N , per copy with order,,'* 

for delivery 



